Pyelonephritis in Dogs: Retrospective Study of 47 Histologically Diagnosed Cases (2005–2015)

Bouillon, Juliette; Snead, Elisabeth; Caswell, Jeff; Feng, Cindy; Hélie, Pierre; Lemetayer, Julie Denise

doi:10.1111/jvim.14836

Cited by 31 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…coli infections in animals are not restricted to young individuals but occur in adults as well. As mentioned above, extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli is responsible for infections of the lower and upper urinary tract, particularly in companion animals (6,7). In poultry, avianpathogenic E. coli causes colibacillosis initiated in the respiratory tract by inhalation of fecal dust before spreading further in the whole body, causing septicemia, pericarditis, and mortality (8).…”

Section: E Coli In Animals: a Pathogenic And A Commensal Bacteriummentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance inEscherichia coli

et al. 2018

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Multidrug resistance in has become a worrying issue that is increasingly observed in human but also in veterinary medicine worldwide. is intrinsically susceptible to almost all clinically relevant antimicrobial agents, but this bacterial species has a great capacity to accumulate resistance genes, mostly through horizontal gene transfer. The most problematic mechanisms in correspond to the acquisition of genes coding for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins), carbapenemases (conferring resistance to carbapenems), 16S rRNA methylases (conferring pan-resistance to aminoglycosides), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes (conferring resistance to [fluoro]quinolones), and genes (conferring resistance to polymyxins). Although the spread of carbapenemase genes has been mainly recognized in the human sector but poorly recognized in animals, colistin resistance in seems rather to be related to the use of colistin in veterinary medicine on a global scale. For the other resistance traits, their cross-transfer between the human and animal sectors still remains controversial even though genomic investigations indicate that extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers encountered in animals are distinct from those affecting humans. In addition, of animal origin often also show resistances to other-mostly older-antimicrobial agents, including tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and fosfomycin. Plasmids, especially multiresistance plasmids, but also other mobile genetic elements, such as transposons and gene cassettes in class 1 and class 2 integrons, seem to play a major role in the dissemination of resistance genes. Of note, coselection and persistence of resistances to critically important antimicrobial agents in human medicine also occurs through the massive use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, such as tetracyclines or sulfonamides, as long as all those determinants are located on the same genetic elements.

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Section: E Coli In Animals: a Pathogenic And A Commensal Bacteriummentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance inEscherichia coli

et al. 2018

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“…✜ Pyelonephritis (upper UTI) Inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma. 8,9 Most commonly, pyelonephritis is caused by an ascending bacterial infection from the distal urinary tract. 10 The development of renal abscesses as a consequence of ascending infection has also been described in a case series of six cats 11 More restrictive use of antimicrobials is urgently needed.…”

Section: Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…72 In dogs, chronic pyelonephritis is considered to produce only mild or absent clinical signs. 9,70 In cats, there is a lack of knowledge regarding this disease entity.…”

Section: Upper Utimentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in cats: A clinical update

Dorsch¹,

Teichmann-Knorrn²,

Lund

2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Practical relevance: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), particularly in female cats older than 10 years of age. In addition to cats with typical clinical signs of FLUTD or upper UTI, many cats have subclinical bacteriuria, but the clinical relevance of this is currently uncertain. UTIs are one of the most important indications for antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine and contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Adherence to treatment guidelines and confinement to a few first-line antimicrobial agents is imperative to avoid further deterioration of the antimicrobial resistance situation. The decision to treat with antimicrobials should be based on the presence of clinical signs, and/or concurrent diseases, and the results of urine culture and susceptibility testing. Clinical challenges: Distinguishing between cats with bacterial cystitis, and those with idiopathic cystitis and concurrent clinical or subclinical bacteriuria, is challenging, as clinical signs and urinalysis results may be identical. Optimal treatment of subclinical bacteriuria requires clarification as there is currently no evidence that demonstrates a beneficial effect of routine treatment. Management of recurrent UTIs remains a challenge as evidence for most alternatives used for prevention in cats is mainly anecdotal, and no preventive treatment modality is currently recommended. Evidence base: This review draws on an extensive literature base in veterinary and human medicine, including the recently updated guidelines of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Where published evidence is lacking, the authors describe their own approach; notably, for the bacteriuric cat with chronic kidney disease.

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“…Concordance between urine and blood cultures is poorly understood in veterinary practice, though links between urinary and bloodstream pathogens are recognized and exploited clinically and experimentally (25). There have been multiple surveys of dogs with culture-positive bloodstream infections (9,26,27) and urinary tract infections (28)(29)(30)(31), but to our knowledge, there are no studies focused on the concordance between urine and blood cultures. We tested the hypothesis that there would be agreement between parallel urine and blood cultures obtained at a tertiary referral center.…”

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confidence: 99%

Agreement between Parallel Canine Blood and Urine Cultures: Is Urine Culture the Poor Man's Blood Culture?

et al. 2018

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Bloodstream infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill dogs, but due to cost and difficulties in sample acquisition, blood cultures are infrequently obtained. In ill dogs, urine cultures may be recommended as surrogates for blood cultures. In order to determine the outcome agreement between parallel urine and blood cultures, we retrospectively analyzed parallel blood and urine specimens submitted for culture from dogs at the NC State Veterinary Hospital between 2011 and 2016. Positive cultures were reported from 15% of the submitted blood specimens and 23% of the submitted urine specimens. A total of 295 urine and blood samples were submitted in parallel, with positive growth demonstrated in 14 concordant and five discordant pairs. A kappa statistic comparing blood and urine culture outcomes was 0.266 (fair) when all parallel growth was included, including concordant and discordant results, and 0.170 (poor) when restricted to parallel concordant growth. The sensitivity of urine to reflect concordant bloodstream bacterial organisms was 30%, with a specificity of 87%. The positive and negative predictive values were 30% and 88%, respectively. Of dogs with both specimens positive on bacterial culture, 7 of 7 (100%) with suspected urogenital infection sources were concordant. All dogs with discordant bloodstream and urinary infections were immunosuppressed. Urinary coagulase-positive isolates were most likely to be concordant with bloodstream infections. In conclusion, we found that urine culture is neither a substitute nor a screen for blood culture. Blood cultures should be performed in any potentially septic animal, especially those that are considered immunosuppressed.

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Pyelonephritis in Dogs: Retrospective Study of 47 Histologically Diagnosed Cases (2005–2015)

Cited by 31 publications

References 53 publications

Antimicrobial Resistance inEscherichia coli

Antimicrobial Resistance inEscherichia coli

Urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in cats: A clinical update

Agreement between Parallel Canine Blood and Urine Cultures: Is Urine Culture the Poor Man's Blood Culture?

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