“…Reflux occurs in man in congenital megaureter, in bladder wall abnormalities, with neurogenic lesions, with lower urinary obstruction, and with chronic pyelonephritis (Turner-Warwick, 1962; Gross and others, 1963;New England J. Med, 1963). It is also observed frequently in association with trigonitis and urethritis in young women as a transient phenomenon, and in this way probably disposes to ascending infection of the kidneys (Hanley, 1964). Its occurrence in obstructive uropathy is generally accounted for by the protrusion of a mucosal saccule at the ureteric orifice, while in non-obstructive urinary infections reflux is ascribed either to a congenital deficiency of ureteric muscle, to a shortened intramural course from a contracted bladder, or to rigidity from cedema of the bladder wall (Williams, 1964).…”