Push and Pull Factors in Relation to Skills Shortages in South Africa

Rasool, Fatima; Botha, Christoff; Bisschoff, Christo

doi:10.1080/09718923.2012.11892978

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The financial costs of such emigration is estimated at $2.17 billion across sub‐Saharan Africa, including $1.14 billion spent by South Africa training physicians now working overseas (Mills et al., : 1). While losing many physicians to the global north, South Africa has sought to minimize the negative potential of regional physician migration by committing to policies preventing the active recruitment of health‐care professionals from neighbouring states (Liese et al., ; Rasool et al., ). The exodus of physicians from the state sector in the 1990s and 2000s, framed by a major political transition, the need to rebuild a public health‐care system, and the emergence of a devastating HIV/AIDS pandemic served to emphasize how physician migration can have a severe effect upon health‐service provision (Marchal and Kegels, ; Rasool et al., ).…”

Section: International Physician Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historical inequalities in provision, failures to deliver progressive budgetary reallocation, the burden of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and an overall shortage and mal‐distribution of physicians both hinder public health‐care provision and drive physician emigration (Brier, 2006). Management failings, poor working conditions and overwhelming disease burden, in concert with broader concerns over safety, security, declining educational standards and limited opportunities for professional development, contribute to physician emigration (Bezuidenhout et al., ; De Vries et al., ; Joudrey and Robson, ; Lucas, , Rasool et al., ). A recent report from Human Resources for Health in South Africa notes these pressures as key challenges to the provision of public health care, noting in particular the pressures of an epidemiological context of high and rising under‐5 and maternal mortality, plus pressures from HIV/AIDs, TB, violence, road traffic injuries and an aging population (HRH SA, 2012).…”

Section: South African Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physician Migration in the Global South between Cuba and South Africa

Hammett

2013

International Migration

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Transnational physician migration has concerned states' health and migration policies for many years. Recent developments have increased attention to the outcomes of these flows in the global south, where physician emigration is undermining public health policies. Cuba's exporting of medical professionals presents an alternative dynamic, based upon both an ideology of humanitarian solidarity and a need to secure hard currency earnings. The benefits and challenges arising from a bilateral agreement between Cuba and South Africa to supply Cuban doctors to South Africa and training at the Latin American Medical School (ELAM) for South African medical students are addressed. The benefits of skills enhancement and professional development are noted, as well as the economic benefits for both the Cuban government and individual doctors, while concerns with the appropriateness of the medical training provided at ELAM for the South African health context and the sustainability of the current policy are discussed. Strategic bi‐lateral agreements offer a productive route towards more sustainable management of skilled migration. When migration agreements include skills training, attention is needed to ensure the training provided is appropriate to the destination context: attention needs to be paid to the appropriateness of the medical training afforded to South African medical students in Cuba for health requirements in South Africa. International migration agreements can form part of a broader policy suite aimed at realizing public health and other development priorities. However, attention must be paid to the suitability and sustainability of the outcomes of these practices.

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Section: International Physician Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: South African Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physician Migration in the Global South between Cuba and South Africa

Hammett

2013

International Migration

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“…Further studies have confirmed that the dominating motivator for migration was the opportunity to earn a higher salary and to travel, followed by professional development (Rasool, Botha and Bisschoff , 2012). These 'pull' factors (i.e., the lure of the destination countries) appeared to play a stronger role than the 'push' factors (i.e., the negative aspects of teaching in SA), including career progression opportunities, the high crime rate and bad working conditions (Ochs, 2003;De Villiers, 2004;Appleton, Sives and Morgan, 2006a).…”

Section: Reasons For Teacher Migrationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Teacher salary differentials using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): a South African perspective as both a ‘source’ and ‘destination’ country

George¹,

Rhodes²

2015

Journal of Education

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Teacher migration is a problem for developing countries as it impacts on delivery of quality education. The potential to earn higher incomes remains the most common factor driving teacher migration. This study seeks to investigate how the South African teacher salary structure compares with the equivalent salary structure in six prominent migrating countries whilst highlighting the economic appeal of South Africa from a Zimbabwean teacher perspective. Using a representative basket of commonly bought goods (including food, entertainment, fuel and utilities), a purchasing power parity (PPP) ratio is used to equalise the international price of buying that basket. Our study makes comparisons, using a PPP index, and allows the identification of real differences in salaries for our selected countries (South Africa, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Zimbabwe) for selected teaching categories. Even when controlling for differences in the cost of living, the incentive for a South African teacher to seek work overseas remains strong and increases with career experience. A worrying conclusion for South Africa concerned with keeping its experienced teachers is that as more human capital is gained by experience, the greater the incentive to emigrate.

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“…Moreover, he points to a better quality of life that presumably comes with hard work, skill and education. The quality of life he mentions speaks to pull factors of migration (Dustmann & Okatenko, 2014;Rasool, Botha, & Bisschoff, 2012). But over and above this, his assumptions are informed by his perceived understanding that applying oneself through hard work, skill and education produces better outcomes in Europe.…”

Section: The Dangers Of Irregular Migration and Perceptions Of A Bettmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Actors, Passive and Helpless Victims, Neither, Both: EU Borders and the Drive to Migrate in the Horn of Africa

Nshimbi

2021

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This article argues that neither borders nor the ways in which migrants see them constitute significant deterrents to the migrants’ resolve to migrate. The argument is based on an investigation of migrants en route to Europe from the Horn of Africa and the ways in which they see EU external borders and how that contributes to the decision to migrate. The article advances critiques of rational choice models of migrant decision-making that are based mainly on economic factors and contributes to theoretical explanations of why some people in the Horn of Africa migrate irregularly, despite measures enforced by state authorities to curb their movement. The article draws on a qualitative thematic analysis of personal face-to-face interviews conducted with migrants from four countries in the Horn of Africa who were in Ethiopia at the time of the research. In the interviews, there was sufficient evidence that migrants had realistic perceptions of European borders and that life in Europe might not be rosy. But this did not dampen the resolve to migrate. Solutions other than those that inhibit movement but understand, are sensitive to and include the perceptions of migrants are more likely to effectively address challenges associated with irregular migration.

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Push and Pull Factors in Relation to Skills Shortages in South Africa

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Physician Migration in the Global South between Cuba and South Africa

Physician Migration in the Global South between Cuba and South Africa

Teacher salary differentials using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): a South African perspective as both a ‘source’ and ‘destination’ country

Rational Actors, Passive and Helpless Victims, Neither, Both: EU Borders and the Drive to Migrate in the Horn of Africa

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