Purinergic signaling and the functioning of the nervous system cells

Abstract

Purinergic signaling in the nervous system has been the focus of a considerable number of studies since the 1970s. The P2X and P2Y receptors are involved in the initiation of purinergic signaling. They are very abundant in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they are expressed on the surface of neurons and glial cells--microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and the precursors of the latter two. Their ligands--extracellular nucleotides--are released in the physiological state by astrocytes and neurons forming synaptic connections, and are essential for the proper functioning of nervous system cells. Purinergic signaling plays a crucial role in neuromodulation, neurotransmission, myelination in the CNS and PNS, intercellular communication, the regulation of ramified microglia activity, the induction of the response to damaging agents, the modulation of synaptic activity and other glial cells by astrocytes, and the induction of astrogliosis. Understanding these mechanisms and the fact that P2 receptors and their ligands are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases of the nervous system may help in the design of drugs with different and more effective mechanisms of action.

Effects of LncRNA BC168687 siRNA on Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Mediated by P2X7 Receptor on SGCs in DRG of Rats

“…It has been generally assumed that the somata of neurons in primary sensory ganglia are tightly enwrapped by satellite glial cells (SGCs) [ 44 , 45 ]. The SGCs in DRG mainly expressed P2X 7 receptor [ 15 , 46 ] and could communicate with neurons via signaling molecules. Our experiment revealed that P2X 7 receptor was coexpressed with GFAP on SGCs based on immunofluorescence, and the coexpression levels of P2X 7 and GFAP in DRG were upregulated in the DNP rats compared with the control rats.…”

Involvement of P2X7 receptors in satellite glial cells of dorsal root ganglia in the BmK I -induced pain model of rats

“…It is well known that the soma of neurons in primary sensory ganglia are tightly enwrapped by SGCs. The SGCs in DRG express P2X7 receptors (Gu et al 2010;Chen et al 2012;Puchalowicz et al 2015) and can communicate with neurons by signaling molecules. P2X7Rs in SGCs are endogenously active in the DRG (Chen et al 2008;Huang et al 2013).…”

Papel do receptor B2 de cininas na terapia da neurodegeneração dopaminérgica em modelo animal

“…P2X receptors are ion channels that promote a non-selective exchange of cations, mainly Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , and K + . ATPactivation of P2X receptors is especially important for Ca 2+induced intracellular signaling pathways (Surprenant and North, 2009;Puchałowicz et al, 2015). P2Y and adenosine receptors are coupled to Gq/Gi/Gs proteins, depending on the receptor subtype (Puchałowicz et al, 2015).…”

“…ATPactivation of P2X receptors is especially important for Ca 2+induced intracellular signaling pathways (Surprenant and North, 2009;Puchałowicz et al, 2015). P2Y and adenosine receptors are coupled to Gq/Gi/Gs proteins, depending on the receptor subtype (Puchałowicz et al, 2015). The activation of Gq proteins triggers a signaling cascade through phospholipase C/inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (PLC/IP3), resulting in the release of Ca 2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm.…”

“…Gs/Gi protein activation, however, will work through the stimulation/inhibition of adenylate cyclase, respectively, with subsequent up-or down-regulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. Final effects of purinergic receptor-promoted signaling will depend on the cell type and other intra-/intercellular conditions, as i.e., in physiological embryonic and adult neurogenesis (Oliveira et al, 2016), and in various pathological scenarios, such as inflammatory (Beamer et al, 2016;Madeira et al, 2017;Przybyła et al, 2018), oncological (Allard et al, 2016;Vijayan et al, 2017;Whiteside, 2017;Kazemi et al, 2018), neurological (Burnstock et al, 2011;Stockwell et al, 2017), metabolic (Lindberg et al, 2015;Csóka et al, 2017;Parpura et al, 2017;Tozzi and Novak, 2017;Labazi et al, 2018), psychiatric (Cunha, 2008;Lindberg et al, 2015;Ortiz et al, 2015;Krügel, 2016;Cheffer et al, 2017;Oliveros et al, 2017), cognitive (Illes and Verkhratsky, 2016), and peripheral neuromuscular and/or neuromotor diseases (Robitaille, 1995;Kalmar, 2005;Burnstock et al, 2013;Jiménez et al, 2014;Bogacheva and Balezina, 2015;Puchałowicz et al, 2015;Safarzadeh et al, 2016).…”