Purified Influenza Vaccine: Clinical and Serologic Responses to Varying Doses and Different Routes of Immunization

Clinical studies assessing immunogenicity and safety of intradermally administered influenza vaccines

“…During the pandemic of 1957 (Asian influenza), the possibility of using reduced doses of influenza vaccine by intradermal injection was investigated. The studies showed that in naive subjects who had no pre-immunization antibodies against the strain under study, one intradermal inoculation (1/5 to 1/10 the subcutaneous dose, 80 or 50 chick cell-agglutination units [CCA], respectively) of the monovalent influenza vaccine (A2 Hong Kong variant) elicited lower antibody responses than one subcutaneous inoculation [43,44], whereas in primed subjects, due either to administration of two doses or to previous infection, equal antibody responses were seen with both administration routes [45,46]. By contrast, two studies reported a fourfold or even higher HI antibody increase after i.d.…”

A new subunit influenza vaccine: acceptability compared with standard vaccines and antigenicity in increasing dosageTaken from an article originally published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (1972) 125, 656.

“…They found a twoto three-fold greater incidence of adverse reactions and a ten-fold increase in antibody titres following the higher dose. Phillips et al (1970) studied zonal centrifuged vaccines in a dose range of 200-800 CCA units and reported local reactions in 19°/ of the volunteers receiving vaccine subcutaneously. They also showed geometric mean titres which increased with the increments in dosage.…”

“…The failure of the TNBP vaccine in standard dosage to induce neutralizing activity in the nasal washings was disappointing. Previous observations using standard vaccine have given varied results (Phillips et al, 1970;Mostow et al, 1970;Fulk et al, 1969). Intranasal administration of inactivated vaccine can sometimes elicit nasal antibody, but the production of local immunity of the respiratory tract is one of the potential advantages of live virus vaccines under development.…”

A virosomal formulated Her-2/neu multi-peptide vaccine induces Her-2/neu-specific immune responses in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a phase I study

“…The analysis of the serum samples for neutralizing antibody levels against influenza were performed according to standard methodology [14]. Two serial twofold dilutions of the sera were prepared.…”