Purification of Iron and Steels a Continuous Effort from 2000 BC to AD 2000

Coze, J. Le

doi:10.2320/matertrans1989.41.219

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The bloom iron was a heterogeneous material containing a large amount of slag inclusions. It required further hot-forging in order to remove the inclusions from the sponge bloom to consolidate the metal into a denser and more workable iron ingot (Coze 2000). The result of this process was a ductile and easily welded material termed wrought iron, with a typical carbon amount of 0.1 wt.% C (Coze 2000;Tylecote 1992, p. 48).…”

Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The unmelted iron ore inside the furnace reacted with the wood or charcoal fuel, resulting in a porous sponge called bloom (Ashkenazi et al 2012, p. 170;Cavallini 2013, p. 104;Coze 2000). The rich slag was isolated from the solid metal as a melt (Buchwald and Wivel 1998).…”

Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Early iron, manufactured before the early Post-Medieval period (Wayman 2000), was produced by direct (single-stage solid-state technology) smelting of the ore in a furnace in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature lower than the melting point of iron (1538°C). This process is called 'bloomery' (Ashkenazi et al 2012, p. 170;Cavallini 2013;Coze 2000).…”

Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…1745(Bénard et al -1757Cavallini 2013Cavallini , pp. 1049Cavallini -1050Coze 2000). A high-quality haematite ore produced a superior quality of wrought iron, with only small quantities of slag inclusions (Cavallini 2013(Cavallini , p. 1049.…”

Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The illustration of the standard Gibbs free energy change needed for the formation of a metal oxide as a function of the temperature is known as an Ellingham diagram (Coze 2000). Based on the Ellingham diagram, during the direct smelting process, haematite is reduced to magnetite, which is then reduced to wüstite, and in the last stage of smelting is reduced further to metallic iron (Bénard et al 1984(Bénard et al , pp.…”

Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Iron artefacts from the Akko Tower Wreck, Israel, and their contribution to the ship’s characterization

Cohen

Ashkenazi

Stern

et al. 2016

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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The Akko Tower Wreck was found inside Akko harbour, Israel, in 1966, next to the Tower of Flies, after which it was named. The shipwreck was excavated in 2012 and 2013. During the underwater excavations, two metal concretions were retrieved, X-rayed, and on opening were found to contain three almost identical iron-bound deadeyes. An iron bolt was also retrieved, covered with concretion. Metallurgical characterization was used to elucidate the manufacturing technology and to date the items. The artefacts were found to be made of annealed wrought iron. The use of wrought iron, forge-welding, and the presence of 0.1-0.2 wt.% Mn may indicate manufacturing in the mid-nineteenth century. Combined with the transition from hemp to chain cable for rigging in 1808, and by the 1840s to wire rope, all the indications are that the deadeyes were made in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. The size of the deadeyes, and the dimensions of their chain links, may indicate their use at the topmast of a brig of about 160 T. This agrees with other evidence in suggesting that the Akko Tower Wreck is the remains of a European vessel which sank in Akko harbour about the second quarter of the nineteenth century.

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Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Metallurgical Background To Researchmentioning

confidence: 96%