Purification and properties of an ethylene-forming enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2

Nagahama, Kazuhiro; Ogawa, Takahira; Fujii, Tomoyuki; Tazaki, Masato; Tanase, Sumio; Morino, Yoshimasa; Fukuda, Hideo

doi:10.1099/00221287-137-10-2281

Cited by 87 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A recombinant form of the ethylene-forming enzyme from PsEFE was produced in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity. Using NMR and GC/MS-based assays, we found that, as reported (14,21), PsEFE-catalyzed ethylene production is 2OG-dependent, stimulated by the addition of Fe(II) [some Fe(II) likely copurifies with PsEFE], and is increased by the addition of ascorbate or DTT ( Fig. 1 C and D and SI Appendix, Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

“…1A) (5-7). Ethylene is also produced in some microorganisms by oxidation of 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid in a reaction not directly enzyme catalyzed (8,9).In work aimed at producing industrial ethylene by biocatalysis, Pseudomonas strains, including plant pathogens, were shown to produce large amounts of ethylene (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Bacteria engineered to produce ethylene using the Pseudomonas syringae pv.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In work aimed at producing industrial ethylene by biocatalysis, Pseudomonas strains, including plant pathogens, were shown to produce large amounts of ethylene (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Bacteria engineered to produce ethylene using the Pseudomonas syringae pv.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Structural and stereoelectronic insights into oxygenase-catalyzed formation of ethylene from 2-oxoglutarate

Zhang

Smart

Choi

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Ethylene is important in industry and biological signaling. In plants, ethylene is produced by oxidation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, as catalyzed by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. Bacteria catalyze ethylene production, but via the fourelectron oxidation of 2-oxoglutarate to give ethylene in an argininedependent reaction. Crystallographic and biochemical studies on the Pseudomonas syringae ethylene-forming enzyme reveal a branched mechanism. In one branch, an apparently typical 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase reaction to give succinate, carbon dioxide, and sometimes pyrroline-5-carboxylate occurs. Alternatively, Grob-type oxidative fragmentation of a 2-oxoglutarate-derived intermediate occurs to give ethylene and carbon dioxide. Crystallographic and quantum chemical studies reveal that fragmentation to give ethylene is promoted by binding of L-arginine in a nonoxidized conformation and of 2-oxoglutarate in an unprecedented high-energy conformation that favors ethylene, relative to succinate formation.ethylene-forming enzyme | 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases | hydroxylase | plant development | oxidoreductase E thylene is of industrial importance and is a vital signaling molecule in plants, where it has roles in germination, senescence, and stress responses (1). Commercial manipulation of the natural ethylene response is agriculturally important in controlling fruit ripening (2). In higher plants, ethylene is produced from methionine, via oxidation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in an unusual reaction catalyzed by the Fe(II)-dependent ACC oxidase (ACCO) (3, 4), which is part of the 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase superfamily, although it does not use a 2OG cosubstrate (Fig. 1A) (5-7). Ethylene is also produced in some microorganisms by oxidation of 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid in a reaction not directly enzyme catalyzed (8,9).In work aimed at producing industrial ethylene by biocatalysis, Pseudomonas strains, including plant pathogens, were shown to produce large amounts of ethylene (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Bacteria engineered to produce ethylene using the Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola ethylene-forming enzyme (PsEFE) have been developed to ripen fruit as an alternative to the use of synthetic ethylene (15, 16). Ethylene-forming enzymes are being explored for biocatalysis in cyanobacteria (17-19). PsEFE-catalyzed ethylene production is 2OG-dependent and is stimulated by the addition of L-arginine (L-Arg), which is also converted by PsEFE into pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C; Fig. 1B) (13, 20). In contrast to the consensus 2OG oxygenase mechanism, which involves sequential binding of 2OG, substrate, and then oxygen, an unprecedented "dual circuit" mechanism is proposed for PsEFE (13).We describe biochemical, structural, and modeling studies supporting a branched mechanistic pathway for PsEFE that can lead either to ethylene via oxidative fragmentation of 2OG or to succinate via a more typical 2OG oxygenase reaction, which sometimes results in P5C formation (Fig....

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

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confidence: 99%

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Structural and stereoelectronic insights into oxygenase-catalyzed formation of ethylene from 2-oxoglutarate

Zhang

Smart

Choi

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…It is the only known gaseous phytohormone of higher plants, formed as a metabolic product of methionine. Ethylene production is also known from bacteria and fungi (Lynch & Harper 1974;Primrose & Dilworth 1976;Primrose 1977;Mansouri & Bunch 1989: Nagahama et al 1991. All these known biological ethylene forming processes require oxygen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene and methane in the upper water column of the subtropical Atlantic

et al. 1999

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Abstract. The vertical distributions of ethylene and methane in the upper water column of the subtropical Atlantic were measured along a transect from Madeira to the Caribbean and compared with temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC).Methane concentrations between 41.6 and 60.7 nL L −1 were found in the upper 20 m of the water column giving a calculated average flux of methane into the atmosphere of 0.82 µg m −2 h −1 . Methane profiles reveal several distinct maxima in the upper 500 m of the water column and short-time variations which are presumably partly related to the vertical migration of zooplankton.Ethylene concentrations in near surface waters varied in the range of 1.8 to 8.2 nL L −1 . Calculated flux rates for ethylene into the atmosphere were in the range of 0.41 to 1.35 µg m −2 h −1 with a mean of 0.83 µg m −2 h −1 . Maximum concentrations of up to 39.2 nL L −1 were detected directly below the pycnocline in the western Atlantic. The vertical distributions of ethylene generally showed one maximum at the pycnocline (about 100 m depth) where elevated concentrations of chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients were also found; no ethylene was detected below 270 m depth. This suggests that ethylene release is mainly related to one, probably phytoplankton associated, source, while for methane, enhanced net production occurs at various depth horizons. For surface waters, a simple correlation between ethylene and chlorophyll-a or DOC concentrations could not be observed. No considerable diurnal variation was observed for the distribution and concentration of ethylene in the upper water column.

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“…In microorganisms there are two known pathways for ethylene biosynthesis (19). Ethylene can be produced either via 2-keto-4-methylbutyric acid (KMBA), as it is in Escherichia coli (22) and Cryptococcus albidus (18), or via 2-oxoglutarate, as it is, for example, in Penicillium digitatum (17) and Pseudomonas syringae (28).…”

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Ethylene Production byBotrytis cinereaIn Vitro and in Tomatoes

Cristescu

Martinis

Hekkert

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

161

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A laser-based ethylene detector was used for on-line monitoring of ethylene released by the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in tomato fruit. Ethylene data were combined with the results of a cytological analysis of germination of B. cinerea conidia and hyphal growth. We found that aminoethoxyvinylglycine and aminooxyacetic acid, which are competitive inhibitors of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid pathway, did not inhibit the ethylene emission by B. cinerea and that the fungus most likely produces ethylene via the 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid pathway. B. cinerea is able to produce ethylene in vitro, and the emission of ethylene follows the pattern that is associated with hyphal growth rather than the germination of conidia. Ethylene production in vitro depended on the L-methionine concentration added to the plating medium. Higher values and higher emission rates were observed when the concentration of conidia was increased. Compared with the ethylene released by the fungus, the infection-related ethylene produced by two tomato cultivars (cultivars Money Maker and Daniela) followed a similar pattern, but the levels of emission were 100-fold higher. The time evolution of enhanced ethylene production by the infected tomatoes and the cytological observations indicate that ethylene emission by the tomato-fungus system is not triggered by the ethylene produced by B. cinerea, although it is strongly synchronized with the growth rate of the fungus inside the tomato.

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Purification and properties of an ethylene-forming enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2

Cited by 87 publications

References 11 publications

Structural and stereoelectronic insights into oxygenase-catalyzed formation of ethylene from 2-oxoglutarate

Structural and stereoelectronic insights into oxygenase-catalyzed formation of ethylene from 2-oxoglutarate

Ethylene and methane in the upper water column of the subtropical Atlantic

Ethylene Production byBotrytis cinereaIn Vitro and in Tomatoes

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