Pupillary light reflex circuits in the macaque monkey: the preganglionic Edinger–Westphal nucleus

May, Paul J.; Sun, Wensi; Wright, Nicholas Fraser; Erichsen, Jonathan Thor

doi:10.1007/s00429-019-02000-w

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…The dominant luminance pathway consists of retinal input to the pretectal olivary nuclei via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells [ 71 ]. Neurons in the pretectal olivary nucleus project directly to the Edinger Westphal nucleus (EW) [ 72 , 73 ]. Many different brainstem nuclei and pathways are responsible for the non-luminance modulations of pupil size [ 74 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy

et al. 2022

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Objectives This study (1) describes and compares saccade and pupil abnormalities in patients with manifest alpha-synucleinopathies (αSYN: Parkinson’s disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)) and a tauopathy (progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)); (2) determines whether patients with rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), a prodromal stage of αSYN, already have abnormal responses that may indicate a risk for developing PD or MSA. Methods Ninety (46 RBD, 27 PD, 17 MSA) patients with an αSYN, 10 PSP patients, and 132 healthy age-matched controls (CTRL) were examined with a 10-min video-based eye-tracking task (Free Viewing). Participants were free to look anywhere on the screen while saccade and pupil behaviours were measured. Results PD, MSA, and PSP spent more time fixating the centre of the screen than CTRL. All patient groups made fewer macro-saccades (> 2◦ amplitude) with smaller amplitude than CTRL. Saccade frequency was greater in RBD than in other patients. Following clip change, saccades were temporarily suppressed, then rebounded at a slower pace than CTRL in all patient groups. RBD had distinct, although discrete saccade abnormalities that were more marked in PD, MSA, and even more in PSP. The vertical saccade rate was reduced in all patients and decreased most in PSP. Clip changes produced large increases or decreases in screen luminance requiring pupil constriction or dilation, respectively. PSP elicited smaller pupil constriction/dilation responses than CTRL, while MSA elicited the opposite. Conclusion RBD patients already have discrete but less pronounced saccade abnormalities than PD and MSA patients. Vertical gaze palsy and altered pupil control differentiate PSP from αSYN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy

et al. 2022

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“…The pretectum is a caudal region of the diencephalon perhaps best known for its role in relaying visual inputs from the retina and optic tectum to other brain centers mediating functions like the pupillary light reflex (May, Sun, Wright, & Erichsen, 2020; Puelles, Martinez‐de‐la‐Torre, Ferran, & Watson, 2012; Sun & May, 2014; Yáñez, Suárez, Quelle, Folgueira, & Anadón, 2018). The pretectal area consists of several nuclei, of which two receive input from the DCN: the posterior pretectal nucleus, and the pars compacta of the anterior pretectal nucleus (Berkley & Hand, 1978a; Berkley & Mash, 1978; Björkeland & Boivie, 1984; Wiberg et al, 1987; Wiberg & Blomqvist, 1984b).…”

Section: Dcn Projection Targets and Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional organization and connectivity of the dorsal column nuclei complex reveals a sensorimotor integration and distribution hub

Loutit

Vickery

Potas

2020

J of Comparative Neurology

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The dorsal column nuclei complex (DCN-complex) includes the dorsal column nuclei (DCN, referring to the gracile and cuneate nuclei collectively), external cuneate, X, and Z nuclei, and the median accessory nucleus. The DCN are organized by both somatotopy and modality, and have a diverse range of afferent inputs and projection targets. The functional organization and connectivity of the DCN implicate them in a variety of sensorimotor functions, beyond their commonly accepted role in processing and transmitting somatosensory information to the thalamus, yet this is largely underappreciated in the literature. To consolidate insights into their sensorimotor functions, this review examines the morphology, organization, and connectivity of the DCN and their associated nuclei. First, we briefly discuss the receptors, afferent fibers, and pathways involved in conveying tactile and proprioceptive information to the DCN. Next, we review the modality and somatotopic arrangements of the remaining constituents of the DCN-complex. Finally, we examine and discuss the functional implications of the myriad of DCN-complex projection targets throughout the diencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain, in addition to their modulatory inputs from the cortex. The organization and connectivity of the DCN-complex suggest that these nuclei should be considered a complex integration and distribution hub for sensorimotor information.

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“…11 C) EWpg, adjacent to the cytochrome oxidase–positive, presumed preganglionic motoneurons (asterisks). 39 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Tectal/Pretectal Population of Premotor Lens Accommodation Neurons

May

Gamlin

Warren

2022

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose Under real-world conditions, saccades are often accompanied by changes in vergence angle and lens accommodation that compensate for changes in the distance between the current fixation point and the next target. As the superior colliculus directs saccades, we examined whether it contains premotor neurons that might control lens compensation for target distance. Methods Rabies virus or recombinant rabies virus was injected into the ciliary bodies of Macaca fascicularis monkeys to label circuits controlling lens accommodation via retrograde transsynaptic transport. In addition, conventional anterograde tracers were used to confirm the rabies findings with respect to projections to preganglionic Edinger–Westphal motoneurons. Results At time courses that rabies virus labeled lens-related premotor neurons in the supraoculomotor area and central mesencephalic reticular formation, labeled neurons were not found within the superior colliculus. They were, however, found bilaterally in the medial pretectal nucleus continuing caudally into the tectal longitudinal column, which lies on the midline, between the colliculi. A bilateral projection by this area to the preganglionic Edinger–Westphal nucleus was confirmed by anterograde tracing. Only at longer time courses were cells labeled in the superior colliculus. Conclusions The superior colliculus does not provide premotor input to preganglionic Edinger–Westphal nucleus motoneurons, but may provide input to lens-related premotor populations in the supraoculomotor area and central mesencephalic reticular formation. There is, however, a novel third population of lens-related premotor neurons in the tectal longitudinal column and rostrally adjacent medial pretectal nucleus. The specific function of this premotor population remains to be determined.

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Pupillary light reflex circuits in the macaque monkey: the preganglionic Edinger–Westphal nucleus

Cited by 7 publications

References 72 publications

Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy

Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy

Functional organization and connectivity of the dorsal column nuclei complex reveals a sensorimotor integration and distribution hub

A Novel Tectal/Pretectal Population of Premotor Lens Accommodation Neurons

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