Pupillary Dilation as an Index of the Orienting Reflex

Stelmack, Robert M.; Siddle, David A.T.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02529.x

Cited by 35 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Although various sound-containing stimuli induce pupillary dilation, effects are nominal (19) or very brief (1) and show rapid habituation (1,19,61). Notably, one study failed to detect dilation at decibel levels comparable with that used in this study (53).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

An arousing, musically enhanced bird song stimulus mediates circadian rhythm phase advances in dim light

Goel¹

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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A musically enhanced bird song stimulus presented in the early subjective night phase delays human circadian rhythms. This study determined the phase-shifting effects of the same stimulus in the early subjective day. Eleven subjects (ages 18–63 yr; mean ± SD: 28.0 ± 16.6 yr) completed two 4-day laboratory sessions in constant dim light (<20 lux). They received two consecutive presentations of either a 2-h musically enhanced bird song or control stimulus from 0600 to 0800 on the second and third mornings while awake. The 4-day sessions employing either the stimulus or control were counterbalanced. Core body temperature (CBT) was collected throughout the study, and salivary melatonin was obtained every 30 min from 1900 to 2330 on the baseline and poststimulus/postcontrol nights. Dim light melatonin onset and CBT minimum circadian phase before and after stimulus or control presentation was assessed. The musically enhanced bird song stimulus produced significantly larger phase advances of the circadian melatonin (mean ± SD: 0.87 ± 0.36 vs. 0.24 ± 0.22 h) and CBT (1.08 ± 0.50 vs. 0.43 ± 0.37 h) rhythms than the control. The stimulus also decreased fatigue and total mood disturbance, suggesting arousing effects. This study shows that a musically enhanced bird song stimulus presented during the early subjective day phase advances circadian rhythms. However, it remains unclear whether the phase shifts are due directly to effects of the stimulus on the clock or are arousal- or dim light-mediated effects. This nonphotic stimulus mediates circadian resynchronization in either the phase advance or delay direction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

An arousing, musically enhanced bird song stimulus mediates circadian rhythm phase advances in dim light

Goel¹

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…Pupillometry, the measurement of change in the size of the pupil, has been used as a measure of effort in psychology (Laeng, Sirois, & Gredebäck, 2012;see Loewenfeld, 1993, for a review), with the pupil becoming larger as more cognitive effort is exerted. Evidence for this has been shown in larger pupil sizes being measured when the experimental stimuli presented were more intense (Stelmack & Siddle, 1982) and with increased memory load (Beatty, 1982;Granholm, Asarnow, Sarkin, & Dykes, 1996;Kahneman, 1973;Kahneman & Beatty, 1966). In the context of the Stroop task, it has been shown that the diameter of the pupil is largest during incongruent trials, relative to both neutral (Laeng et al, 2011) and nonword neutral (G. G. Brown et al, 1999) trials, which in turn elicit larger pupil diameters than congruent trials (Siegle, Steinhauer, & Thase, 2004).…”

Section: Pupillometry As a Measure Of Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing stimulus–stimulus (semantic) conflict in the Stroop task using saccadic two-to-one color response mapping and preresponse pupillary measures

Hasshim

Parris

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Conflict in the Stroop task is thought to come from various stages of processing, including semantics. Two-to-one response mappings, in which two response-set colors share a common response location, have been used to isolate stimulus-stimulus (semantic) from stimulus-response conflict in the Stroop task. However, the use of congruent trials as a baseline means that the measured effects could be exaggerated by facilitation, and recent research using neutral, non-colorword trials as a baseline has supported this notion. In the present study, we sought to provide evidence for stimulusstimulus conflict using an oculomotor Stroop task and an early, preresponse pupillometric measure of effort. The results provided strong (Bayesian) evidence for no statistical difference between two-to-one response-mapping trials and neutral trials in both saccadic response latencies and preresponse pupillometric measures, supporting the notion that the difference between same-response and congruent trials indexes facilitation in congruent trials, and not stimulus-stimulus conflict, thus providing evidence against the presence of semantic conflict in the Stroop task. We also demonstrated the utility of preresponse pupillometry in measuring Stroop interference, supporting the idea that pupillary effects are not simply a residue of making a response.Keywords Stroop . Semantic conflict . Same response . Pupillometry . OculomotorThe Stroop effect refers to the finding that people are slower to name the color that a word is printed in when the word spells out another color (incongruent trials-e.g., the word red in blue) than to name the color of a square (Stroop, 1935) or to name a word's color when the word spells out the same color (congruent trials-e.g., the word red in red; Klein, 1964; see MacLeod, 1991, for a review). The Stroop task has been described as the gold standard for measuring attention (MacLeod, 1992) and has been the focus of influential models of attention (e.g., Cohen, Dunbar, & McClelland 1990;Glaser & Glaser, 1989;Roelofs, 2003).The Stroop effect has been attributed to having to resolve conflict at the response stage when the color and the meaning of the word each activate different responses (referred to as response conflict or stimulus-response conflict; Cohen et al., 1990;MacLeod, 1991;Roelofs, 2003). However, some researchers have posited that, in addition to interference/ conflict resolution at the response stage, performance in the Stroop task also requires conflict resolution at earlier processing stages (e.g

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“…Subsequent studies have repeatedly shown that pupil size variations are positively correlated to the intensity of the stimulus (e.g., tones varying in dB; Stelmack and Siddle 1982) or the difficulty of the task (e.g., increasing load on memory; Kahneman and Beatty 1966). One of the first applications of pupillometry to psycholinguistics was conducted by Just and Carpenter (1993) who demonstrated that pupil diameter changed in reading as a function of sentence complexity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Pupillary Stroop effects

et al. 2010

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We recorded the pupil diameters of participants performing the words’ color-naming Stroop task (i.e., naming the color of a word that names a color). Non-color words were used as baseline to firmly establish the effects of semantic relatedness induced by color word distractors. We replicated the classic Stroop effects of color congruency and color incongruency with pupillary diameter recordings: relative to non-color words, pupil diameters increased for color distractors that differed from color responses, while they reduced for color distractors that were identical to color responses. Analyses of the time courses of pupil responses revealed further differences between color-congruent and color-incongruent distractors, with the latter inducing a steep increase of pupil size and the former a relatively lower increase. Consistent with previous findings that have demonstrated that pupil size increases as task demands rise, the present results indicate that pupillometry is a robust measure of Stroop interference, and it represents a valuable addition to the cognitive scientist’s toolbox.

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Pupillary Dilation as an Index of the Orienting Reflex

Cited by 35 publications

References 4 publications

An arousing, musically enhanced bird song stimulus mediates circadian rhythm phase advances in dim light

An arousing, musically enhanced bird song stimulus mediates circadian rhythm phase advances in dim light

Assessing stimulus–stimulus (semantic) conflict in the Stroop task using saccadic two-to-one color response mapping and preresponse pupillary measures

Pupillary Stroop effects

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