Pupillary and reaction time measures of sustained processing of negative information in depression

Siegle, Greg J.; Granholm, Eric; Ingram, Rick E.; Matt, Georg E.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01024-6

Cited by 163 publications

(174 citation statements)

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“…We now find evidence for such a mechanism in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MedPFC), a brain region that has previously been associated with negative selfevaluation Ochsner et al, 2004b). Our finding is consistent with studies that reported greater sensitivity to negative stimuli as a function of neuroticism (Derryberry, 1994), and greater sustained processing of negative information in patients diagnosed with depression and/or scoring higher on trait rumination (Deldin et al, 2001;Siegle et al, 2001Siegle et al, , 2003Siegle et al, , 2002.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Stop the sadness: Neuroticism is associated with sustained medial prefrontal cortex response to emotional facial expressions

2008

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Neuroticism is a personality trait associated with negative mood states, sensitivity to negative information, negative appraisal and vulnerability to psychopathology. Previous studies have associated the sustained processing of negative information (words) with individual differences such as rumination and depression but not with personality. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between neuroticism and changes in sustained patterns of activity within a brain region implicated in emotional self-evaluation and appraisal, the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MedPFC), when responding to emotional facial expressions (happy, fearful, and sad). We tested whether higher scores of neuroticism are associated with greater sustained patterns of brain activity in the MedPFC when responding to blocks of negative facial expressions. We found that higher scores of neuroticism were associated with greater sustained MedPFC activity throughout blocks of sad facial expressions, but not fearful or happy facial expressions. Based on the relationship between neuroticism and sensitivity to negative information, the current finding identifies a sustained temporal mechanism to this relationship.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Stop the sadness: Neuroticism is associated with sustained medial prefrontal cortex response to emotional facial expressions

2008

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“…This principal components structure is similar to that found in other studies in which PCA was performed on pupil dilation (e.g. Siegle et al, 2001). The residual autocorrelation in each segment was thus estimated to be 88.…”

Section: Analytic Strategysupporting

confidence: 87%

“…These results are particularly interesting when examined in light of a broader literature in which depressed individuals have been observed to display increased sustained pupil dilation in response to emotional stimuli in multiple studies (Siegle et al, 2001(Siegle et al, , 2003a), which we have interpreted as representing sustained attention and elaboration. In fact, the same individuals who took this Stroop task also completed an emotion-identification task, and initial analyses of these data, to be published separately, suggest that the same individuals had sustained pupil dilation in response to that task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

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Pupillary assessment and computational modeling of the Stroop task in depression

Siegle

Steinhauer

Thase

2004

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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135

124

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Depressed individuals frequently display disruptions in selective attention, but the time course and specificity of these difficulties are not well-understood. To better understand the nature of attentional disruptions in depression, 28 healthy adults and 23 unmedicated depressed adults completed a Stroop color-naming task using a long inter-stimulus interval and pupil dilation was recorded as a measure of cognitive load. Both groups took longer to name the color for incongruent than congruent trials. Pupil dilation was also larger for incongruent trials than for congruent trials across groups, which suggested that pupil dilation reflected cognitive load on the task. Though the groups did not differ in the magnitude of Stroop effect in pupil dilation, depressed individuals displayed decreased pupil dilation in the seconds following stimuli relative to controls. Computational neural network modeling further suggested that observed effects were consistent with decreased prefrontal cortex activity, associated with decreased cognitive control. ᮊ

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“…More specifically, central 5-HT has long been thought to have a critical role in the adaptation of the animals to aversive events (Deakin and Graeff, 1991) and, recently, to mediate a negative prediction error signal for future threat and punishment (Cools et al, 2008a;Daw et al, 2002). Accordingly, the majority of studies on cognitive and affective processing in depressed patients highlight strong biases toward negative stimuli and away from positive ones, which interfere with normal cognitive functioning (Elliott et al, , 1997Gotlib et al, 2004;Murphy et al, 2003;Roiser et al, 2009;Siegle et al, 2001), whereas long-term treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) counteracts these biases. Moreover, lowering brain content of 5-HT by acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) in healthy subjects causes similar biases in neuropsychological tasks assessing affective decisionmaking and punishment prediction (Cools et al, 2008b;Murphy et al, 2002;Rogers et al, 2003;Roiser et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin Modulates Sensitivity to Reward and Negative Feedback in a Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task in Rats

Bari

Theobald

Caprioli

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

294

338

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Depressed patients show cognitive deficits that may depend on an abnormal reaction to positive and negative feedback. The precise neurochemical mechanisms responsible for such cognitive abnormalities have not yet been clearly characterized, although serotoninergic dysfunction is frequently associated with depression. In three experiments described here, we investigated the effects of different manipulations of central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in rats performing a probabilistic reversal learning task that measures response to feedback. Increasing or decreasing 5-HT tone differentially affected behavioral indices of cognitive flexibility (reversals completed), reward sensitivity (win-stay), and reaction to negative feedback (lose-shift). A single low dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram (1 mg/kg) resulted in fewer reversals completed and increased lose-shift behavior. By contrast, a single higher dose of citalopram (10 mg/kg) exerted the opposite effect on both measures. Repeated (5 mg/kg, daily, 7 days) and subchronic (10 mg/kg, b.i.d., 5 days) administration of citalopram increased the number of reversals completed by the animals and increased the frequency of win-stay behavior, whereas global 5-HT depletion had the opposite effect on both indices. These results show that boosting 5-HT neurotransmission decreases negative feedback sensitivity and increases reward (positive feedback) sensitivity, whereas reducing it has the opposite effect. However, these effects depend on the nature of the manipulation used: acute manipulations of the 5-HT system modulate negative feedback sensitivity, whereas long-lasting treatments specifically affect reward sensitivity. These results parallel some of the findings in humans on effects of 5-HT manipulations and are relevant to hypotheses of altered response to feedback in depression.

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Pupillary and reaction time measures of sustained processing of negative information in depression

Abstract: Background: Disruptions of emotional information processing (i.e., attention to, memory

Cited by 163 publications

References 32 publications

Stop the sadness: Neuroticism is associated with sustained medial prefrontal cortex response to emotional facial expressions

Stop the sadness: Neuroticism is associated with sustained medial prefrontal cortex response to emotional facial expressions

Pupillary assessment and computational modeling of the Stroop task in depression

Serotonin Modulates Sensitivity to Reward and Negative Feedback in a Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task in Rats

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