Pupil size effect on binocular summation for visual acuity and light disturbance

Martino, Francesco; Pereira-da-Mota, Ana F; Amorim‐de‐Sousa, Ana; Castro-Torres, José Juan; González-Meijóme, José Manuel

doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02614-w

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Stereopsis is the visual system's capacity and quality to see the surrounding environment in-depth. In addition to alcohol intake, binocular visual performance can be affected by several factors, such as defocus and pupil size [33]. One of these factors is the interocular differences (differences between the two eyes concerning a determined ocular parameter) which negatively disturb binocular vision.…”

Section: Of 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Interocular Differences and Alcohol Consumption on Binocular Visual Performance

Martino

Torres

Casares-López

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of a moderate breath–alcohol content (BrAC of 0.40 mg/L) on binocular visual performance for different visual functions after inducing different levels of interocular differences with the use of filters. A total of 26 healthy young subjects were enrolled. The participants participated in two sessions: one without alcohol consumption and another after alcohol consumption. In each session and for the different filter conditions (subjects were wearing Bangerter foil of 0.8 and BPM2 fog filter on the dominant eye), monocular and binocular visual function was evaluated by measuring visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual discrimination capacity (and successively by calculating their corresponding binocular summations) and stereopsis (near and distance stereoacuity). In addition, interocular differences were calculated for different retinal–image quality and straylight parameters. All monocular and binocular visual functions were analyzed and stereopsis was significantly impaired by alcohol and filters (p < 0.05). Interocular differences for different ocular parameters and binocular summations for visual parameters were negatively affected by filters but not alcohol. Significant correlations (averaging all the experimental conditions analyzed) were found, highlighting: the higher the interocular differences, the lower the binocular summation and the poorer the stereopsis and, therefore, the worse the binocular visual performance.

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Section: Of 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Interocular Differences and Alcohol Consumption on Binocular Visual Performance

Martino

Torres

Casares-López

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…In a previous study, 13 we examined different defocus levels in healthy young subjects (while pupil size was maintained at 3 and 5 mm) to evaluate BS using a number of visual functions such as high‐ and low‐contrast VA and light disturbance. Positive BS was observed with increasing levels of defocus (both spherical and astigmatic).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Positive BS was observed with increasing levels of defocus (both spherical and astigmatic). The increase in BS could therefore involve a neural factor, rather than just an optical input, as the change in BS may not only result from the expected reduction in pupil size under binocular conditions and the resulting improvement in the optics forming the retinal image (optical effects), but also involve the ability of the visual cortex to resolve details of this image (neural effect) 13 . Visual electrophysiology allows us to investigate the electrical activity of the visual system objectively in a non‐invasive or minimally invasive manner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in BS could therefore involve a neural factor, rather than just an optical input, as the change in BS may not only result from the expected reduction in pupil size under binocular conditions and the resulting improvement in the optics forming the retinal image (optical effects), but also involve the ability of the visual cortex to resolve details of this image (neural effect). 13 Visual electrophysiology allows us to investigate the electrical activity of the visual system objectively in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. Using such techniques, Fernandes et al 14 recently found a reduction in the amplitude and delay in peak time of retinal activity (using the multifocal electroretinogram) during adaptation to multifocal contact lenses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Neural binocular summation and the effect of defocus on the pattern electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials for different pupil sizes

Martino

Amorim‐de‐Sousa

Fernandes

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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PurposeTo evaluate the influence of defocus and pupil size on subjective (visual acuity [VA]) and objective (electrophysiology) descriptors of human vision and their effect on binocular visual performance by means of neural binocular summation (BS).MethodsFifteen healthy young subjects were recruited in this crossover study. Pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were measured under two levels of positive (+1.5 and +3.0 D) spherical and astigmatic defocus (axis 90°). Pupil size was controlled to reduce the inter‐individual variability factor.ResultsLow‐ and high‐contrast VA showed poorer visual performance in the monocular versus the binocular condition. Positive BS (for VA) was higher with greater pupil size and higher levels of defocus. In the visual electrophysiology tests (i.e., VEP and PERG), peak time and amplitude were affected by pupil size and defocus. The increase in peak time was larger and the reduction in amplitude was more significant with greater levels of defocus and smaller pupil sizes. For the VEP, positive BS was found in all conditions, being stronger with larger amounts of defocus and pupil size (for the P100 amplitude). Significant negative correlations were observed between the P100 amplitude and VA BSs.ConclusionSmaller pupil size and levels of defocus produced greater changes in cortical activity as evidenced by both the PERG and VEP. Considering these changes and the obtained positive BS, the mechanism could be initiated as early as the retinal processing stage, then being modulated and enhanced along the visual pathway and within the visual cortex.

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“…The latter is defined as the capacity of the visual system to see the surrounding environment in depth. This binocular visual performance is influenced by several other factors including refractive error 19 , pupil size 20 , ocular pathologies 21 , 22 , and interocular differences 23 , 24 . An interocular difference is the difference between the two eyes for a determined ocular parameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of alcohol consumption on driving performance in the presence of interocular differences simulated by filters

Martino,

Castro-Torres,

Casares-López

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The role of interocular differences simulated by filters (fog filter and Bangerter foil) on visual and driving performance in alcohol users was assessed. We found that the binocular visual function deteriorates significantly in terms of contrast sensitivity (from 6 to 18 cpd). Additionally, driving performance is significantly impaired under these conditions as evidenced by increased mean speed, standard deviation of the lateral position, distance traveled outside the lane, reaction time and number of collisions. Furthermore, we found that interocular differences due to intraocular scattering and straylight are directly related to an overall reduction in visual and driving performance. This provided a comprehensive perspective from which to understand the relationship between binocular visual function, interocular differences, and driving performance. In practice, our findings contribute to the understanding of the importance of limiting interocular differences, which can be common among presbyopes corrected using the monovision technique, as well as in cases of cataract or other ocular pathology affecting only one eye, or even in cases of cataract surgery of the first eye. These interocular differences can have an adverse impact on road safety, especially when combined with moderate alcohol consumption.

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Pupil size effect on binocular summation for visual acuity and light disturbance

Cited by 3 publications

References 44 publications

Influence of Interocular Differences and Alcohol Consumption on Binocular Visual Performance

Influence of Interocular Differences and Alcohol Consumption on Binocular Visual Performance

Neural binocular summation and the effect of defocus on the pattern electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials for different pupil sizes

Effects of alcohol consumption on driving performance in the presence of interocular differences simulated by filters

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