Punishment, policing and praxis: Restorative justice and non‐violent alternatives to paramilitary punishments in Northern Ireland

The Limits of Legitimacy: Former Loyalist Combatants and Peace‐Building in Northern Ireland

“…The schemes, run in many cases by former combatants, are designed to deal with antisocial behaviour and paramilitary punishment attacks through negotiation at community level between victims, offenders and paramilitaries. They have proven to be successful at a variety of levels from reducing the number of punishment attacks to empowering victims and young people (McEvoy & Mika, 2001;Mika & Zehr, 2003). Some individual PSNI The Limits of Legitimacy 11 personnel sit on the boards of some loyalist (but not yet republican) schemes, and in some cases they make referrals.…”

Punishment in Society: The Improbable Persistence of Probation and Other Community Sanctions and Measures

“…Reparative work has also played a significant role in societies in transition in particular, often as an outgrowth of peace and reconciliation efforts on a community level (see Eriksson 2009). Northern Ireland, for instance, has one of the best developed, grassroots systems of community-based restorative justice in the world (see McEvoy & Mika 2001). In post-Apartheid South Africa, on the other hand, although probation services have developed rapidly, reparative justice remains more on the margins of this work (Ehlers 2007;Roche 2002).…”

Troubling Masculinities: Changing Patterns of Violent Masculinities in a Society Emerging from Political Conflict

“…Young men in particular were often targeted for engaging in anti-social behavior. 57 Rioting was often harnessed to the national cause, while individualistic anti-social behavior was punished. Young men's socialization in local cultures that valorized men's violence operated as a resource for the wider ethnic community-a first line of defense especially at times of deep communal conflict.…”