“…Furthermore, research in criminology (Logan et al, 2017;Shalev, 2013), law (Lobel, 2008;Schlanger, 2020), and 'punishment and society' (Franco et al, 2020;Reiter, 2016), problematises the application of administrative power to normalise the exceptional through routinised/bureaucratised solitary confinement decision-making (Reiter, 2016;Rhodes, 2009;Shalev, 2013). Prison officials' discretion had been criticised as largely hidden, generic, arbitrary, raciallybiased, and imposed through perfunctory discretionary hearings that lack 'external oversight' (Coppola, 2019;Franco et al, 2020;Reiter et al, 2020: 56;Schlanger, 2020;Shalev, 2013). Scholars also highlight the ongoing U.S. constitutional courts' reluctance to 'second-guess' prison officials' discretion, even where solitary confinement posed a risk of very significant harm to the prisoner (Coppola, 2019;Haney and Lynch, 1997;Schlanger, 2020).…”