Punicalagin and (–)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Rescue Cell Viability and Attenuate Inflammatory Responses of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter PM10

Abstract

Background/Aims: Airborne particulate matter with a diameter of < 10 µm (PM10) causes oxidative damage, inflammation, and premature skin aging. In this study, we evaluated whether polyphenolic antioxidants attenuate the inflammatory responses of PM10-exposed keratinocytes. Methods: Primary human epidermal keratinocytes were exposed in vitro to PM10 in the absence or presence of punicalagin and (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which are the major polyphenolic antioxidants found in pomegranate and green tea, respectively. Assays were performed to determine cell viability, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression of NADPH oxidases (NOX), proinflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1. Results: PM10 decreased cell viability and increased ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. It also increased the expression levels of NOX-1, NOX-2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-1. Punicalagin was not cytotoxic up to 300 μM, and (–)-EGCG was cytotoxic above 30 μM, respectively. Further, punicalagin (3–30 μM) and EGCG (3–10 μM) rescued the viability of PM10-exposed cells. They also attenuated ROS production and the expression of NOX-1, NOX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-1 stimulated by PM10. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that polyphenolic antioxidants, such as punicalagin and (–)-EGCG, rescue keratinocyte viability and attenuate the inflammatory responses of these cells due to airborne particles.

Inhibitory Effect of Chebulic Acid on Alveolar Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Response to Urban Particulate Matter Using Co-treatment and Post-treatment Exposure

“…The WHO has set daily exposure limits for PM2.5 and PM10 of 25 and 50 mg/m 3 , respectively. 38) Namely, the UPM concentration of 10 µg/mL used in our experiment is not high, compared with the daily exposure limits for particulate matter. When the EMT process having the loss of adherent phenotype is progressed, cell invasion occurs along with the secretion of MMPs.…”

“…When the EMT process having the loss of adherent phenotype is progressed, cell invasion occurs along with the secretion of MMPs. 39) Because the high mortality of lung cancer is closely associated with its early metastasis, 26) we investigated whether 0.5 µM of CA attenuates the human alveolar cells invasion. Our results provided further evidence that protective effect of CA on UPM-induced the invasion which is typical characteristics of tumor development.…”

Combination of green tea catechins, polysaccharides, and flavonols against urban fine dust particle-induced bronchial damage mediated by modulation of inflammation factors and airway cilia

“…3a) was the most abundant catechin in GTE and is commonly used in cosmetics, functional foods, and dietary supplements due to its health bene ts [54,55]. EGCG has also been shown to reduce FDP-induced skin in ammation in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal broblasts [26,28]. Myricetin (Fig.…”

“…Similar to N-acetyl cysteine [25], EGCG exhibits scavenging e cacy against FDP-induced ROS [26]. EGCG also reduces skin in ammation and asthma in rats caused by FDP stimulation [26,27,28]. However, the studies that have revealed these ndings have concentrated only on active EGCG.…”

Role of PGE-2 and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Skin Aging and Their Inhibition by Topical Natural Anti-Inflammatories

“…However, oral supplements containing green tea were ineffective in protecting skin from UVR damage [188]. Studies with human keratinocytes treated with airborne pollutants (PM10), showed that EGCG blocked the pollutant induced increase in NADH oxidases, IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-8, and MMP-1 [202]. In other studies, EGCG reduced the UVR-induced increase in COX-2 in human keratinocytes, but had the opposite effect on human fibroblast cultures, where it increased the expression of both COX-2 and MMP-1 [203].…”