Pump–Pump Four-Wave Mixing in Distributed Raman Amplified Systems

Bouteiller, J.-C.; Leng, Lufeng; Headley, C.

doi:10.1109/jlt.2004.824459

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This complete and simultaneous description of both nonlinearities allows for solving the model by a simple numerical method. Therefore, it is not required to use any iterative method to get convergence in the solution (iterative methods are required when SRS and FWM models are solved separately) [11,12], while ultimately reducing the computing time. It is also a good alternative instead of using closed mathematical expressions based on undepleted conditions for the waves [10], which can be inappropriate approximations when a strong interaction between SRS and FWM exists.…”

Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FWM interactions in DFRAs have been studied by other authors [10][11][12], but the models that they have used ignore pump depletion and parametric gain or consider stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and FWM processes separately, using analytical approximations [10] or iterative numerical methods [11]. In this paper we use a novel and comprehensive numerical model to analyze how the propagation of Raman pumps is affected along the amplifier through FWM and parametric amplification processes [13], which solves the interaction of SRS and FWM in a straightforward way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redistribution of pump power and impairments in gain-equalized distributed fiber Raman amplifiers due to four-wave mixing and parametric amplification

Soto¹,

Olivares²

2008

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.

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In this work, by using a comprehensive numerical model which rigorously describes the interaction between stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM), we verify that FWM processes, including depletion and parametric gain, generate a redistribution of pump power in distributed fiber Raman amplifiers (DFRAs). As a consequence of pump-pump FWM, several FWM components can be generated, which act as new sources of SRS for Raman pumping. Due to new SRS-FWM interactions, a redistribution and exchange of pump power along the fiber also occurs, producing degradation in the performance of the amplifier. Numerical results show impairments in distributed amplified systems due to these interactions, such as loss of flatness on the spectral gain, reduction on the net Raman gain, and the presence of strong FWM products within the transmission band. We note that the localization of the zero dispersion wavelength (λ ZD ) of the fiber is a critical factor in the occurrence of these impairments. A reduction of net Raman gain up to 3 dB and tilt up to 7 dB in the spectral gain profile have been found in different amplified systems as consequence of pump-pump FWM and parametric gain of Raman pumps.

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Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redistribution of pump power and impairments in gain-equalized distributed fiber Raman amplifiers due to four-wave mixing and parametric amplification

Soto¹,

Olivares²

2008

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.

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“…Note, that when both models are solved independently, an iterative procedure is required in order to get convergence in solution [6]. Therefore, each model should be solved several times, depending on the degree of interaction between SRS and FWM processes, which is given by the involved wavelengths, powers and ZD .…”

Section: Theoretical Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the good performance of a DFRA is dramatically determined by the mathematical model and the method used to design it [2,3]. DFRAs working with low chromatic dispersion fibers or with pumping waves located near the zero dispersion wavelength ( ZD ) require the development of numerical models that include other nonlinearities such as four wave mixing (FWM) [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of this interaction have been studied separately, but recent work carried out by other researchers have taken both aspects of the model into account, either by using analytical approximations or iterative numerical methods [6][7][8][9][10]. The model developed in this work numerically solves the interaction of both nonlinearities for co-propagating signals in a straightforward way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pump-Pump Four-Wave Mixing in Distributed Fiber Raman Amplifiers

Soto

Olivares

2007

Ingeniare. Rev. chil. ing.

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RESUMENEn este trabajo se presenta un modelo matemático que describe rigurosamente la interacción entre esparcimiento Raman estimulado (SRS) y mezcla de cuatro ondas (FWM) en amplificadores Raman distribuidos (DFRAs). Los efectos paramétricos ocurridos en DFRAs debido al proceso de FWM entre bombas, son completamente caracterizados. Los resultados de las simulaciones numéricas son contrastados con mediciones experimentales llevadas a cabo en diferentes configuraciones de DFRAs. Los resultados permiten validar el modelo matemático propuesto, el cual puede ser extendido para incluir otras no-linealidades. Finalmente, se analizan los efectos de FWM entre bombas en el comportamiento espectral de la ganancia de un DFRA.Palabras clave: Amplificador de fibra Raman distribuido (DFRA), mezcla de cuatro ondas (FWM), redes ópticas WDM, ecualización de potencia. ABSTRACT In this work, a comprehensive mathematical model which rigorously describes the interaction between stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM) in distributed fiber

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Gain‐flattened distributed Raman amplifier with 38‐nm bandwidth using dual‐pump wavelength

Mahdi

Sheih

2006

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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In this paper, a 38‐nm wideband gain‐flattened distributed Raman amplifier utilising two pump wavelengths is experimentally demonstrated. The pump combination of 1430 and 1456 nm with 26‐nm spacing has enabled a gain flatness of less than 1.1 dB at a Raman on‐off gain of 10 dB. The flat gain is obtained through a careful pump‐power adjustment between these two pump wavelengths without any gain‐flattening filters. The 38‐nm bandwidth covers signal wavelengths from 1530.33 to 1568.78 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1025–1028, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21590

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Pump–Pump Four-Wave Mixing in Distributed Raman Amplified Systems

Cited by 24 publications

References 19 publications

Redistribution of pump power and impairments in gain-equalized distributed fiber Raman amplifiers due to four-wave mixing and parametric amplification

Redistribution of pump power and impairments in gain-equalized distributed fiber Raman amplifiers due to four-wave mixing and parametric amplification

Pump-Pump Four-Wave Mixing in Distributed Fiber Raman Amplifiers

Gain‐flattened distributed Raman amplifier with 38‐nm bandwidth using dual‐pump wavelength

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