Pump-and-treat method to remove nitrate from groundwater with liquor as the carbon source

Bioelectrochemical Systems for Groundwater Remediation: The Development Trend and Research Front Revealed by Bibliometric Analysis

“…However, great concern has been raised about the deterioration of groundwater quality related to rapid industrialization and civilization in the last decades [2,[6][7][8][9], and groundwater pollution events caused by human activities (the application of fertilizer and manure [10][11][12][13], the discharge of industrial effluents [14][15][16][17][18], and the leakage of landfill sites [19,20] have been reported round the world. Thus, the invention and implementation of groundwater remedial technologies is a hotspot issue for environmental experts nowadays [21][22][23][24], and numerous technologies involving physical, chemical, physical-chemical, biological and biochemical aspects have been invented and applied [25,26], e.g., the pump and treat method (contaminated groundwater is pumped by abstracted wells and further treated) [27][28][29][30], permeable reactive barriers (a subsurface barrier is constructed by reactive materials, and the polluted groundwater is remediated during flowing through the barrier) [31][32][33][34][35], soil vapor extraction (a vacuum is applied to the vadose zone to induce the controlled flow of air and remove volatile and some semi-volatile organic contaminants) [36][37][38], and monitored natural attenuation (based on efficient monitoring, pollutants are degraded to acceptable levels by natural physical, chemical and biochemical reactions) [39][40][41].…”