Pulsoximetric monitoring of fetal arterial oxygen saturation and fetal pulse at stage II of labor to predict acidosis in newborn Holstein Friesian calves

Kanz, P.; Gusterer, Erika; Krieger, Stefanie; Schweinzer, V.; Süss, D.; Drillich, M.; Iwersen, M.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.027

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The combination of metabolic and respiratory acidosis, due to altered gas exchange between the fetus and the mother, is a major cause of perinatal calf mortality ( 69 , 70 ). Deviation in acid–base balance entailed lower values of hematic HCO

, pH, and BE in heavier calves compared with those with more reduced BW ( 71 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fitness of calves born from in vitro-produced fresh and cryopreserved embryos

et al. 2022

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In cattle, vitrified/warmed (V/W) and frozen/thawed (F/T), in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos, differ in their physiology and survival from fresh embryos. In this study, we analyzed the effects of embryo cryopreservation techniques on the offspring. IVP embryos cultured with albumin and with or without 0.1% serum until Day 6, and thereafter in single culture without protein, were transferred to recipients on Day 7 as F/T, V/W, or fresh, resulting in N = 24, 14, and 13 calves, respectively. Calves were clinically examined at birth, and blood was analyzed before and after colostrum intake (Day 0), and subsequently on Day 15 and Day 30. On Day 0, calves from V/W and F/T embryos showed increased creatinine and capillary refill time (CRT) and reduced heartbeats. Calves from F/T embryos showed lower PCO2, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume than calves from V/W embryos while V/W embryos led to calves with increased Na+ levels. Colostrum effects did not differ between calves from fresh and cryopreserved embryos, indicating similar adaptive ability among calves. However, PCO2 did not decrease in calves from V/W embryos after colostrum intake. Serum in culture led to calves with affected (P < 0.05) temperature, CRT, HCO3-, base excess (BE), TCO2, creatinine, urea, and anion gap. On Day 15, the effects of embryo cryopreservation disappeared among calves. In contrast, Day 30 values were influenced by diarrhea appearance, mainly in calves from V/W embryos (i.e., lower values of TCO2, HCO3-, and BE; and increased glucose, anion gap, and lactate), although with no more clinical compromise than calves from fresh and F/T embryos. Diarrhea affected PCO2 and Na+ in all groups. Embryo cryopreservation, and/or culture, yield metabolically different calves, including effects on protein and acid–base metabolism.

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, pH, and BE in heavier calves compared with those with more reduced BW ( 71 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fitness of calves born from in vitro-produced fresh and cryopreserved embryos

et al. 2022

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“…Nonetheless, there were 12 fetuses (5.5%) that were unable to initiate any reflexes but were still viable, as demonstrated by measuring the acid–base balance and providing obstetric assistance [ 39 ]. Therefore, before considering fetotomy, fetal heartbeat evaluation through B-mode/Doppler ultrasonography [ 40 ] and fetal pulse rate evaluation using a pulse oximeter [ 41 ] are crucial.…”

Section: Determining Fetal Vitality During Stage Two Of Calvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Kanz et al [ 41 ], measuring pulse rate (>120 bpm for at least 2 min) by pulse oximetry during the last 25 min of calving could predict neonatal acidosis more accurately (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.764) than measuring fetal oxygen saturation (FSpO 2 < 40% for at least 50% of the measurement: AUC = 0.613). The oximetric sensor was interdigitally fixed using a homemade latex cover.…”

Section: Determining Fetal Vitality During Stage Two Of Calvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In bovine practice, Mülling [ 70 ] was the first to adapt the human Apgar score (muscle tone and movement, reflex activity, respiration, and mucous membrane color) and proposed a neonatal status diagnosis in calves ( Table 2 ), which was subsequently adopted by others [ 41 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. Instead of the five clinical signs, four were assessed and scores were assigned ranging from zero to two.…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Neonatal Vitality After Calvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher the score, the more robust the calf: scores 7–8 indicate a healthy calf, scores 4–6 indicate a calf at risk, and scores ≤ 3 indicate a weak calf that is alive. In addition, healthy calves have better acid–base parameters than at-risk calves [ 41 , 71 ].…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Neonatal Vitality After Calvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prior to initiating any obstetrical intervention for anterior or posterior presentation, it is imperative to emphasize the need for a precise and accurate diagnosis of fetal viability and to select the most appropriate approach for assistance. In uncertain cases, diagnostic tools such as ultrasonography, pulse oximeter, or measurement of acid–base balance or lactate concentration may be employed to confirm the diagnosis. In situations of severe asphyxia, a cesarean section is preferred over traction, even if the duration of asphyxia is less than 60 s, to maximize the likelihood of the survival of the fetus. Postcalving, several vitality scores have been proposed to evaluate the vigor of the newborn calf. Originally, four different clinical signs were recommended for assessing the well-being of newborn calves. Subsequently, five or more different clinical signs were recommended to evaluate vitality. However, despite the efforts for devising a practical tool to assess newborn calf vitality; a user-friendly and highly accurate instrument that can be used on farms remains elusive. Measuring the acid–base balance or lactate concentration may increase the diagnostic accuracy. It is critical to emphasize the importance of reducing the incidence of dystocia to mitigate the occurrence of severe asphyxia. In instances where asphyxia is unavoidable, adequate treatments should be administered to minimize losses.

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The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in livestock is not new; applications in this field cover from simple animal identification to complete traceability systems. The monitoring of vital signs of livestock is an issue of farming in which ICT is applied. This paper presents a systematic literature review of proposals for monitoring vital signs in different types of livestock. For this purpose, PRISMA methodology has been applied, with its three phases: Planning, Conducting, and Reporting. Papers from journals and conferences, between 2017 and 2023, have been considered. Long-range monitoring of signs, such as movement, geo-position, body temperature, or heart rate, are the main trends of the analyzed papers and commercial products. Therefore, there are opportunities for developing devices or products that monitor other vital signs, like blood pressure or blood oxygen saturation.

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Pulsoximetric monitoring of fetal arterial oxygen saturation and fetal pulse at stage II of labor to predict acidosis in newborn Holstein Friesian calves

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

Fitness of calves born from in vitro-produced fresh and cryopreserved embryos

Fitness of calves born from in vitro-produced fresh and cryopreserved embryos

Importance of Monitoring Fetal and Neonatal Vitality in Bovine Practices

A Systematic Literature Review about Sensors Systems and Applications for Livestock Vital Signs Monitoring

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