Pulsed electric field assisted sol–gel preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles

Iridium oxide fabrication and application: A review

“…This study stated that the pulsed electric field affected the nucleation of TiO 2 particles [112] . It has been suggested that a pulsed electric field can locally generate high temperatures and high pressures in a solution [112] . These high temperatures and high pressures have been identified as being responsible for the tremendous nucleation in this study [112] .…”

“…The role and mechanism of the electric field for the formation of iridium oxide have not yet been proposed, although they have been explained in part in other literatures. In one study, TiO 2 was prepared from titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) by applying a pulsed electric field (using a square wave DC electric pulse of high voltage) [112] . This study stated that the pulsed electric field affected the nucleation of TiO 2 particles [112] .…”

“…In one study, TiO 2 was prepared from titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) by applying a pulsed electric field (using a square wave DC electric pulse of high voltage) [112] . This study stated that the pulsed electric field affected the nucleation of TiO 2 particles [112] . It has been suggested that a pulsed electric field can locally generate high temperatures and high pressures in a solution [112] .…”

“…It has been suggested that a pulsed electric field can locally generate high temperatures and high pressures in a solution [112] . These high temperatures and high pressures have been identified as being responsible for the tremendous nucleation in this study [112] . Although it is difficult to apply this phenomenon and mechanism directly to the iridium oxide formation process, it is believed that the hydrolysis (and/or electrolytic ligand oxidation) of an iridium complex can be accelerated due to the high temperatures and high pressures locally generated in the solution.…”