Pulsed Amperometry for Anti-fouling of Boron-doped Diamond in Electroanalysis of β-Agonists: Application to Flow Injection for Pharmaceutical Analysis

Abstract

This work presents the construction and application of boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin film electrode as sensor for the determination of three β-agonists, viz. salbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol. Although well-known as a chemically inert material, BDD film however shows fouling in detection of these compounds using fixedpotential mode amperometry. A suitable waveform for pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was developed and used to determine the agonist compounds. It was seen that the developed PAD significantly refreshed the BDD surface for long-term detection in flow injection analysis. Linear working ranges were 0.5-100 µM, 1.0-100 µM and 0.5-50 µM for salbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol, respectively. The developed PAD-BDD system was applied to successfully determine salbutamol and terbutaline in commercial pharmaceutical products. The methods were validated with a capillary electrophoresis method.

An experimental and modelling study of the electrochemical oxidation of pharmaceuticals using a boron-doped diamond anode

“…An irreversible oxidation peak of CIP appears before the water discharge at 1 V/SCE. Similar electrochemical behaviour was obtained by Boudreau et al [36] and Karuwan et al [37] in a synthetic solution of SMX and SALBU on a BDD anode, respectively. For both cases, the authors observed the deposition of a polymeric film on the anode, before the water discharge.…”

Fast determination of salbutamol, abused by athletes for doping, in pharmaceuticals and human biological fluids by square wave voltammetry

“…The free radical can resonate to give species (3) and combination of two moieties of 3 will lead to the formation of dimer (4). The formation of similar dimer has also been suggested by Karuwan et al [34] during oxidation of salbutamol at boron doped diamond electrode.…”

Fast and Accurate Analysis of Drugs Using Amperometry Associated With Flow Injection Analysis

“…Recently, Karuwan et al80 presented a PAD‐flow injection application to determine β‐agonists in pharmaceutical products. Figure 5A shows a schematic representation of PAD, and Figure 5B shows one of the results obtained with the proposed system.…”

“…Karuwan et al80 have described the construction of a boron‐doped diamond film electrode (BDD) as sensor and its application using pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) for the determination of the three β‐agonists listed above. In this study the authors compared the results obtained using PAD waveform with amperometric experiments performed under a fixed potential and then they demonstrated that the utilization of PAD produced a notable improvement in terms of precision and sensitivity.…”