Pulse-Tube Dilution Refrigeration Below 10 mK

Abstract

We report the design, realization and performance of dilution refrigerators using a pulse-tube cooler as a first cryogenic stage. The absence of a Dewar containing cryogenic fluids makes this new type of refrigerators particularly versatile. The system provides relatively high cooling power, and reaches temperatures well below 10 mK.

Electrical Conductance of Bolted Copper Joints for Cryogenic Applications

“…We have developed (CNRS/Air Liquide) since 1999 pulse-tube based dry dilution refrigerators, with a commercial unit delievered in 2003 [13]. In these machines, it is important that the condensation stage remains at the lowest temperature, i.e., avoiding thermal gradients at the level of the cold head.…”

Pulse-Tube Dilution Refrigeration below 10 mK for Astrophysics

“…PT-DR1 was commercialized in 2001, and PT-DR2 has been developed since then. Technical details have been given in a recent publication 8 .…”

“…This is essential when dealing with massive samples and large volume cryostats. This is the case of PT-DR2 (the dimensions and mass are given in 8 ), which has a cool-down time of 12 hours.…”

High-power closed-cycle 4He cryostat with top-loading sample exchange

“…In recent years significant progress in the field of dry refrigerator systems has been made, for instance by Godfrin [1,2], Kirichek [3,4], Uhlig [5,6,7], and Wang [8,9] together with their respective co-workers. In the meantime, some of these and similar systems have become commercially available and are now in use in many laboratories employing low temperatures world-wide.…”