“…Saturated-tail membranes such as 1,2-dimyristoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) bind Ca 2+ ions more strongly , than do unsaturated-tail membranes such as 1,2-dioleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and gel-phase membranes (frozen acyl chains) bind more divalent cations than do liquid-disordered membranes (melted acyl chains). − ,,,,− The interaction of ions with the membrane surface is limited to the polar headgroup of the phospholipid, , and the binding site of metal cations is limited to the phosphate moiety. − To accommodate cation binding, the headgroups realign ,,− and the resulting lateral pressure compresses the lipid tails , and creates a more ordered tail region. ,,,− Therefore, Ca 2+ binding favors the more ordered state of the membranes, namely, the gel phase, over the liquid-disordered phase and increases the gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature, T m . ,,,,,− Other structural effects of Ca 2+ binding include a decrease in the area per lipid headgroup ,,, and a slight increase in membrane thickness. , …”