Pulsating Exophthalmos

Carotico-cavernous fistula following septorhinoplasty

“…The history of the treatment of this lesion parallels that of the development of neurosurgery. During the earliest period, Sugar and Meyer (1940) suggested occlusion of the venous outflow. Shortly thereafter, however, ligation of internal and external branches of the carotid artery became standard treatment.…”

Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula with ophthalmoplegia and facial palsy

“…The ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve may also be affected and lead to corneal ulceration (Dandy and Follis, 1941). Papilloedema and optic atrophy secondary to either long standing papilloedema or glaucoma, have also been described (Bickerstaff, 1970;Sugar and Meyer, 1970). Optic atrophy may result from direct pressure of the carotid artery on the optic nerve (Dandy and Follis, 1941).…”

Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

“…This was done by Locke (1924), who considered all cases (588) on record up to that time, and was especially concerned with treatment. The catalogue was revised by Martin and Mabon (1943), who added 188 cases, and there have been many other writings on the subject, notably by Dorrance and Loudenslager (1934), Dandy (1937), Sugar and Meyer (1940), Holman et al (1951), andHamby (1952). " Pulsating exophthalmos " is not, however, synonymous with carotid-cavernous fistula, for about half the spontaneous cases of the former condition are due to other lesions involving the orbit, such as a vascular neoplasm, simple aneurysm, and encephalocele.…”