Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity?

Drajac, Carole; Laubreton, Daphné; Riffault, Sabine; Descamps, Delphyne

doi:10.1155/2017/8734504

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…At birth, neonates, rely on maternally derived antibodies and innate responses to defend against pathogens. Furthermore, RSV-susceptibility increases between the ages of 2 and 6 months when maternal antibodies levels have decreased [ 79 ].…”

Section: Viral Infection Immune Dysregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in COVID-19

Eeden

Khan

Osman

et al. 2020

IJMS

143

132

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When facing an acute viral infection, our immune systems need to function with finite precision to enable the elimination of the pathogen, whilst protecting our bodies from immune-related damage. In many instances however this “perfect balance” is not achieved, factors such as ageing, cancer, autoimmunity and cardiovascular disease all skew the immune response which is then further distorted by viral infection. In SARS-CoV-2, although the vast majority of COVID-19 cases are mild, as of 24 August 2020, over 800,000 people have died, many from the severe inflammatory cytokine release resulting in extreme clinical manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Severe complications are more common in elderly patients and patients with cardiovascular diseases. Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in modulating the immune response and in both of these patient groups, NK cell effector functions are blunted. Preliminary studies in COVID-19 patients with severe disease suggests a reduction in NK cell number and function, resulting in decreased clearance of infected and activated cells, and unchecked elevation of tissue-damaging inflammation markers. SARS-CoV-2 infection skews the immune response towards an overwhelmingly inflammatory phenotype. Restoration of NK cell effector functions has the potential to correct the delicate immune balance required to effectively overcome SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Viral Infection Immune Dysregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in COVID-19

Eeden

Khan

Osman

et al. 2020

IJMS

143

132

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…55,56 Therefore, age-specific events in neonatal lungs seem to naturally support the initial development of Th 2 immune responses that combined with a yet ineffective activation of innate immunity and IL-17 being upregulated in young infants, drive mucus hyperproduction and the promotion of severe pathology during early RSV infections. 57 In addition, B-cell function is not yet developed in very young infants (<6 months of age) and it takes more time to generate a sufficient and sustained antibody production. As at very early phase, babies still rely on maternal antibodies, babies born from a mother with high circulating neutralizing antibodies are better protected from severe diseases.…”

Section: Rsv Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments

Jartti

Smits

Bønnelykke

et al. 2018

Allergy

113

190

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Current data indicate that the “bronchiolitis” diagnosis comprises more than one condition. Clinically, pathophysiologically, and even genetically three main clusters of patients can be identified among children suffering from severe bronchiolitis (or first wheezing episode): (a) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐induced bronchiolitis, characterized by young age of the patient, mechanical obstruction of the airways due to mucus and cell debris, and increased risk of recurrent wheezing. For this illness, an effective prophylactic RSV‐specific monoclonal antibody is available; (b) rhinovirus‐induced wheezing, associated with atopic predisposition of the patient and high risk of subsequent asthma development, which may, however, be reversed with systemic corticosteroids in those with severe illness; and (c) wheeze due to other viruses, characteristically likely to be less frequent and severe. Clinically, it is important to distinguish between these partially overlapping patient groups as they are likely to respond to different treatments. It appears that the first episode of severe bronchiolitis in under 2‐year‐old children is a critical event and an important opportunity for designing secondary prevention strategies for asthma. As data have shown bronchiolitis cannot simply be diagnosed using a certain cutoff age, but instead, as we suggest, using the viral etiology as the differentiating factor.

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“…Lung development is then completed during the postnatal period, when the terminal units of the branching structure, the alveoli, finish developing, along with the vascular system. The immunological development of the lungs also follows a chronological pattern, beginning in the embryo and continuing through the post-natal period, with the sequential arrival of monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes/neutrophils, the recruitment of type 2 innate cells and the accumulation of DC, B, and T cells until weaning ( Drajac et al, 2017 ). Biesbroek et al (2014) analyzed the development of the microbiota in the upper respiratory tract (nasopharyngeal samples) at different time points during the first 2 years of life (1.5, 6, 12, and 24 months) in healthy individuals.…”

Section: Progressive and Sequential Installation Of The Microbiota Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradigms of Lung Microbiota Functions in Health and Disease, Particularly, in Asthma

et al. 2018

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Improvements in our knowledge of the gut microbiota have broadened our vision of the microbes associated with the intestine. These microbes are essential actors and protectors of digestive and extra-digestive health and, by extension, crucial for human physiology. Similar reconsiderations are currently underway concerning the endogenous microbes of the lungs, with a shift in focus away from their involvement in infections toward a role in physiology. The discovery of the lung microbiota was delayed by the long-held view that the lungs of healthy individuals were sterile and by sampling difficulties. The lung microbiota has a low density, and the maintenance of small numbers of bacteria seems to be a critical determinant of good health. This review aims to highlight how knowledge about the lung microbiota can change our conception of lung physiology and respiratory health. We provide support for this point of view with knowledge acquired about the gut microbiota and intestinal physiology. We describe the main characteristics of the lung microbiota and its functional impact on lung physiology, particularly in healthy individuals, after birth, but also in asthma. We describe some of the physiological features of the respiratory tract potentially favoring the installation of a dysbiotic microbiota. The gut microbiota feeds and matures the intestinal epithelium and is involved in immunity, when the principal role of the lung microbiota seems to be the orientation and balance of aspects of immune and epithelial responsiveness. This implies that the local and remote effects of bacterial communities are likely to be determinant in many respiratory diseases caused by viruses, allergens or genetic deficiency. Finally, we discuss the reciprocal connections between the gut and lungs that render these two compartments inseparable.

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Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity?

Cited by 27 publications

References 115 publications

Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in COVID-19

Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in COVID-19

Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments

Paradigms of Lung Microbiota Functions in Health and Disease, Particularly, in Asthma

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