Pulmonary Reaction to Metallic Aluminum Powders

Gross, Paul; Harley, Russell A.; deTrevïlle, Robert T. P.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1973.10666264

Cited by 49 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Also, acute intra-alveolar inflammation and alveolar epithelial hyperplasia were both greater in rats than in humans exposed to the same agents (Green, Vallyathan, and Hahn 2007). The course of the disease in humans and animals also seems to show major differences; whereas, in humans, PAP is often a life-threatening condition, animals, especially rats, are able to tolerate even a massive PAP over long periods of time without any clinical signs (Gross, Harley, and DeTreville 1973;Nagano, Nishizawa, Umeda, et al 2011;NTP 2000). In spite of these differences, it should be assumed that PAP demonstrated in animal experimentsunder corresponding exposure conditions-should be considered relevant for humans.…”

Section: Comparison Between Particle-induced Pap In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the relatively few studies available, allowing a ranking of the sensitivity of various laboratory species as regards the induction of PAP, the following sequence can be derived: rat > mouse > hamster % guinea pig (Gross and deTreville 1968;Gross, Harley, and DeTreville 1973;Heppleston 1986;Nagano, Nishizawa, Eitaki, et al 2011;NTP 2000NTP , 2001Renne et al 1985). On the basis of the data presented, it is difficult to answer which of these species comes closest to the sensitivity found in humans.…”

Section: Species Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sequential sacrifice up to 18 months after termination of exposure revealed that PAP, especially in rats, lasted for a very long time (up to 1 yr), although with decreasing intensity, whereas it disappeared in hamsters and guinea pigs within 3 months. In some rats, subpleural foci of fibrosis associated with cholesterol needles developed, whereas epithelial metaplasia was described in hamsters and guinea pigs, both at the later stages of the experiments (Gross, Harley, and DeTreville 1973). Single intratracheal instillation of 4 samples of alumina (Bayer pseudoboehmite, Bayer g-Al 2 O 3 , Ziegler pseudoboehmite, or Ziegler g-Al 2 O 3 ) to rats produced PAP, in addition to focal areas of granulomatous and interstitial inflammation with fibrosis in the investigation after 6 months (Dalbey and Pulkowski 2000).…”

Section: Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In those animal experiments with detailed investigation of the sequential pathological changes, the results show that PAP appeared first and/or at lower-dose levels than inflammation and fibrosis. From the results with metallic aluminum powder inhalation of rats (Gross, Harley, and DeTreville 1973), the inhalation studies with GaAs and InP, In 2 O 3 , and ITO in rats and mice Nagano, Nishizawa, Eitaki, et al 2011;NTP 2000NTP , 2001) and the studies with intratracheal instillation of quartz in rats (Gross, White, and Smiler 1984), it may be concluded that PAP precedes inflammatory and fibrotic responses.…”

Section: Sequence Of Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle-induced Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis and Subsequent Inflammation and Fibrosis: A Toxicologic and Pathologic Review

Bomhard¹

2017

Toxicol Pathol

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This review analyzes the published data on cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in workers inhaling crystalline aluminum, indium, silicon, and titanium particles and possible sequelae, that is, inflammation and fibrosis, and compares these findings with those from animal experiments. In inhalation studies in rodents using crystalline indium and gallium compounds, pronounced PAP followed by inflammation and fibrosis down to very low concentration ranges have been reported. Crystalline aluminum, silicon, and titanium compounds also induced comparable pulmonary changes in animals, though at higher exposure levels. Laboratory animal species appear to react to the induction of PAP with varying degrees of sensitivity. The sensitivity of humans to environmental causes of PAP seems to be relatively low. Up to now, no cases of PAP, or other pulmonary diseases in humans, have been described for gallium compounds. However, a hazard potential can be assumed based on the results of animal studies. Specific particle properties, responsible for the induction of PAP and its sequelae, have not been identified. This review provides indications that, both in animal studies and in humans, PAP is not often recognized due to the absence of properly directed investigation or is concealed behind other forms of lung pathology.

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Section: Comparison Between Particle-induced Pap In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Species Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sequence Of Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle-induced Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis and Subsequent Inflammation and Fibrosis: A Toxicologic and Pathologic Review

Bomhard¹

2017

Toxicol Pathol

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“…Numerous species demonstrate a PAP-like reaction following exposures to silica, quartz, cristobalite, pyro aluminum powder, and titanium [41][42][43][44]. In addition, one model of lung injury developed PAP within several months of exposure to glass fibers [41].…”

Section: Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding the Spectrum of Particle-and Fiber-Associated Interstitial Lung Diseases

Ghio¹

2014

Tur Toraks Der

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While interstitial lung disease (ILD) is common, less than five percent of diagnoses appear to be related to occupational and environmental exposures to particles and fibers; these injuries are most frequently recognized as pneumoconioses and hypersensitivity pneumonitides. As a result of this small contribution to recognized ILD, the association of particles and fibers with this group of diseases is frequently deemed of little consequence. However, it has been proposed that some portion of ILD without a recognized cause (i.e. idiopathic disease) can also be related to exposures to particles and fibers. Many of these diagnoses are determined without benefit of microscopic examination of lung tissue. Even when tissue is available, the conventional examination for the presence of particles and fibers is used. This approach employing optical microscopy is insensitive and leads to misdiagnosis. A review of previous investigation demonstrates associations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, and eosinophilic granuloma with particle and fiber exposures. It is recommended that scanning electron microscopy in combination with the use of electron dispersive X-ray analysis be employed whenever the question of a possible relationship between ILD and particle and fiber exposure arises.

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Aluminum

Dinman¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Because of this element's electrochemical properties, its positvely charged ions form very tight chemical bonds with other anions such that dissociation is minimal in neutral or near‐neutral‐pH environments. Since most living organizations operate at or about such pH levels, by implication most naturally occurring aluminum compounds would display minimal potentials for cellular or subcellular interactions. Its binding forces, in addition to making this element available only recently (at the time of writing), has also meant that aluminum was relatively unavailable to the milieu intériur. However, since progressively more of the metal and its compounds came into common human use and commerce, ultimately its wide usage could be expected to eventually result in the possibility intimate human contact and finally, human health and hazard concerns. These events have indeed occurred so that aluminum and its possible association with neurological disorders became a prominent health issue of the late twentieth century. Because of the foregoing electrochemical physical realities, concerns have focused on the element's health effects per se, with little or attention directed at effects of aluminum compounds, such as chloride, phosphate, and sulfates. This should also not be unexpected, given their relative biological inavailability. Obviously, some aluminum compounds do ionize sufficient to lower pH in aqueous environments (e.g., aluminum chloride or phosphate) and act as simple irritants. However, most other aluminum compounds, as expected have had very little apparent biologic availability or effects, and thus are accorded little scientific attention as compounds per se. These facts are reflected in the content of contemporary biomedical literature. Although multiple aluminum compounds have been studied, few, if any, are studied except as they serve to “transport” aluminum into the body. The overwhelming majority represent interest in aluminum's effects alone rather than an individual compound's possible bioimpact. For these reasons, this chapter deals mainly with aluminum as an element and the most common prevalent form: the oxides. Since its other compounds as such are the subject of so little current investigation, these other compounds are considered separately later in this chapter.

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Pulmonary Reaction to Metallic Aluminum Powders

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

Particle-induced Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis and Subsequent Inflammation and Fibrosis: A Toxicologic and Pathologic Review

Particle-induced Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis and Subsequent Inflammation and Fibrosis: A Toxicologic and Pathologic Review

Expanding the Spectrum of Particle-and Fiber-Associated Interstitial Lung Diseases

Aluminum

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