Pulmonary Protein Oxidation and Oxidative Stress Modulation by Lemna minor L. in Progressive Bleomycin-Induced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Abstract

Bleomycin (BLM) administration is associated with multifunctional proteins inflammations and induction of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Lemna minor L. extract, a free-floating monocot macrophyte possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of the study was to examine the protective effect of L. minor extract on lung protein oxidation and oxidative stress modulation by BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Balb/c mice. For this purpose, the protein carbonyl content, advanced glycation end product, nitroxide protein oxidation (5-MSL), and lipid peroxidation (as MDA and ROS), in lung cells were examined. The histological examinations, collagen deposition, and quantitative measurements of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF in lung tissues and blood were investigated. Intraperitoneal, BLM administration (0.069 U/mL; 0.29 U/kg b.w.) for 33 days, caused IPF induction in Balb/c mice. Pulmonary combining therapy was administered with L. minor at dose 120 mg/mL (0.187 mg/kg b.w.). L. minor histologically ameliorated BLM induced IPF in lung tissues. L. minor significantly modulated (p < 0.05) BLM-alterations induced in lung hydroxyproline, carbonylated proteins, 5-MSL-protein oxidation. Oxidative stress decreased levels in antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems in the lung were significantly regulated (p < 0.05) by L. minor. L. minor decreased the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in lung tissues and plasma. The L. minor improves the preventive effect/defense response in specific pulmonary protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, ROS identifications, and cytokine modulation by BLM-induced chronic inflammations, and could be a good antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic alternative or IPF prevention involved in their pathogenesis.

Overview of the Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress: Impact in Inflammation of the Airway Diseases

“…Many studies show that OS is quite prevalent in many diseases, among which is chronic inflammatory lung disease, but also in the systemic circulation of asthmatics due to proximity of pulmonary vasculature with blood capillary network [ 208 ]. The lung contains high levels of antioxidant resources to prevent oxidant-induced injury, including both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems [ 209 ]. In the past years, the interest in the use of antioxidants as pharmacological treatment of airway diseases has grown [ 210 ].…”

Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces oxidative/carbonyl stress damage and ameliorates inflammation in the lung of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

“… 2019 ; Karamalakova et al. 2022 ). In respiratory disease, mast cell degranulation increases IL-6 and TNF-α levels and immune cell numbers, which causes inflammation and impaired immune cell recruitment (Yang et al.…”

Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases

“…Our Special Issue presents innovative research [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and review [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] papers addressing many of these questions related to the fundamental OS involvement in the onset and progression of several acute and chronic diseases, and about the correlated biomarkers and potential therapies. Precisely, the 12 research articles [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] included in this Special Issue are focused on evidencing the OS role in diagnostics, signatures of the disease course, molecules involved, OS potential treatments and effects, and short- and long-term consequences.…”

“…Our Special Issue presents innovative research [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and review [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] papers addressing many of these questions related to the fundamental OS involvement in the onset and progression of several acute and chronic diseases, and about the correlated biomarkers and potential therapies. Precisely, the 12 research articles [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] included in this Special Issue are focused on evidencing the OS role in diagnostics, signatures of the disease course, molecules involved, OS potential treatments and effects, and short- and long-term consequences. Precisely, Chen et al [ 1 ], by performing a nano-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS)-based lipidomic profiling study on lipid accumulation and oxidation in kidney cells in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) model, confirmed the key role of OS and lipid dysregulation in renal lipid droplet (LD) alteration at the molecular level.…”

“…Consequently, these discoveries suggested that the iron, in combination with sevoflurane, has a protective effect in tissues showing the M2 phenotype of macrophages, while the combination of iron dextran and isoflurane in rats determines an increase in the erythropoiesis process via induction of hypoxia. Similarly, Nilolava et al [ 5 ] demonstrated, for the first time, the protective therapeutic effects of extracts of Lemna minor ( L. minor , Duckweed ; a fast-growing freshwater plant used in traditional medicine as an antiscorbutic, depurative diuretic, natural agent effective for colds) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models. Moreover, they examined the mechanism used by L. minor extract action against pulmonary fibrosis.…”