Pulmonary Hemorrhage in an Infant Following 2 Weeks of Fungal Exposure

Novotny, William E; Dixit, Anupma

doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.3.271

Cited by 45 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As the conidia of T. harzianum are produced in slimy masses on conidiophores, the percentage of release or dispersal of conidia from the growing substratum is very low, up to 0.03% of its conidia, when exposed to airflow ). This phenomenon might explain the inconsistent seasonal occurrence of T. harzianum as found in this as well as in earlier studies (Horner et al 2004;Domsch et al 1993;Novotny and Dixit 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Trichoderma harzianum: occurrence in the air and clinical significance

Das

Gupta‐Bhattacharya

2009

Aerobiologia

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Trichoderma harzianum, a filamentous fungus, is being widely used as a potential biopesticide. The potential of this fungus in causing skin sensitization, however, was poorly investigated as yet. The objective of this study was to monitor the occurrence of T. harzianum in the air and to explore its skin sensitizing potential. Seasonal periodicity of T. harzianum was studied for the years 2002-2004 by an Andersen air sampler. The skin sensitizing potential of T. harzianum extract was studied in 389 patients with suspected respiratory allergy by skin prick test (SPT) and specific IgE level was determined by ELISA. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were also performed. T. harzianum colony count varied from 3.69 to 134.88 CFU m -3 with the peak achieved in February. Relative humidity was found to be a significant (P \ 0.05) factor predicting the occurrence of T. harzianum in the air. Positive skin reaction (wheal diameter C 3 mm) was observed in 105 patients (26.99%). T. harzianum crude extract was resolved in 18 protein bands (12-72 kDa) on SDS-PAGE (12% gel) including two IgE-binding protein bands (21 and 32 kDa). T. harzianum can be considered an important inhalant allergen.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Trichoderma harzianum: occurrence in the air and clinical significance

Das

Gupta‐Bhattacharya

2009

Aerobiologia

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“…At the beginning of the 18th century, Ramazzini, considered "the father of occupational medicine," described an illness of workers inhaling 'foul and mischievous powder' from handling crops (116,302). More recently, Platt et al (333), found that occupants of wet, moldy buildings had an increase in subjective complaints.…”

Section: Indoor Air and Building-related Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While they found mycotoxins (including riordin L-2, roridin E, and satratoxin H) in contaminated wallboard, they did not assay for other compounds. In another case of pulmonary hemorrhage related to fungal exposure, the infant was formula fed and exposed to tobacco smoke (302). Again, there were a host of laboratory abnormalities, particularly renal.…”

Section: Effects Of Stachybotrys In Indoor Air 155mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, several of the papers postulating a link between infant IPH and Stachybotrys have reported mild renal abnormalities, including non-anion gap acidosis, electrolyte disturbances, and aminoaciduria (209,302). It is unclear if these findings are part of a mycotoxin syndrome, were secondary to severe illness (e.g., shock), or represent an underlying disease process.…”

Section: Renalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

2003

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Damp buildings often have a moldy smell or obvious mold growth; some molds are human pathogens. This has caused concern regarding health effects of moldy indoor environments and has resulted in many studies of moisture- and mold-damaged buildings. Recently, there have been reports of severe illness as a result of indoor mold exposure, particularly due to Stachybotrys chartarum. While many authors describe a direct relationship between fungal contamination and illness, close examination of the literature reveals a confusing picture. Here, we review the evidence regarding indoor mold exposure and mycotoxicosis, with an emphasis on S. chartarum. We also examine possible end-organ effects, including pulmonary, immunologic, neurologic, and oncologic disorders. We discuss the Cleveland infant idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage reports in detail, since they provided important impetus for concerns about Stachybotrys. Some valid concerns exist regarding the relationship between indoor mold exposure and human disease. Review of the literature reveals certain fungus-disease associations in humans, including ergotism (Claviceps species), alimentary toxic aleukia (Fusarium), and liver disease (Aspergillys). While many papers suggest a similar relationship between Stachybotrys and human disease, the studies nearly uniformly suffer from significant methodological flaws, making their findings inconclusive. As a result, we have not found well-substantiated supportive evidence of serious illness due to Stachybotrys exposure in the contemporary environment. To address issues of indoor mold-related illness, there is an urgent need for studies using objective markers of illness, relevant animal models, proper epidemiologic techniques, and examination of confounding factors

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“…Stachybotrys was implicated as a causative agent of pulmonary hemorrhage in several case reports [40][41][42] and in more than 30 infants in the Cleveland area during the 1990s. In Cleveland, a case-control study determined that the affected infants were more likely than control infants to have lived in water-damaged homes in which Stachybotrys was isolated [43].…”

Section: Stachybotryotoxicosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic and other non-IgE-mediated effects of fungal exposures

Nordness

Zacharisen

Fink

2003

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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There are more than 100000 recognized species of fungi, comprising 25% of the biomass of the earth. Allergic, IgE-induced, manifestations of airborne fungi are common, whereas non-IgE manifestations are rare. Recently, much focus has been placed on the non-IgE-mediated effects of various molds, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, infectious disease, and mycotoxicoses. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a clinical syndrome associated with systemic and interstitial lung disease that occurs in susceptible individuals following fungal inhalation. Most fungi are not pathogenic to man; however, certain fungi are capable of infecting immunocompetent individuals. Although mycotoxins and exposure to mycotoxins ("toxic mold syndrome") are implicated in causing numerous, nonspecific, systemic symptoms, currently, there is no scientific evidence to support the allegation that human health is affected by inhaled mycotoxins. However, if mold is discovered in a home, school, or office setting, the source should be investigated and appropriate remediation undertaken to minimize structural damage and potential allergic sensitization.

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Pulmonary Hemorrhage in an Infant Following 2 Weeks of Fungal Exposure

Abstract: Avoidance of unnecessary exposure of infants to fungus growth in water-damaged environments or exposure to tobacco smoke is prudent. Further investigation into the toxic effects of indoor fungi as causes of infantile pulmonary hemorrhage is warranted.

Cited by 45 publications

References 18 publications

Trichoderma harzianum: occurrence in the air and clinical significance

Trichoderma harzianum: occurrence in the air and clinical significance

Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

Toxic and other non-IgE-mediated effects of fungal exposures

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