Pulmonary function one and four years after a deep saturation dive.

Thorsen, Einar; Segadal, K; Kambestad, Brit; Gulsvik, Amund

doi:10.5271/sjweh.1498

Cited by 15 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…In the internal comparison of different groups of divers, including those with more or less than 10 dives during the five year observation period, and the subgroup of saturation divers, those with the highest exposure also had the greatest fall in maximal expiratory flow rates. In a four year follow up study of saturation divers, 25 those having done deep dives to depths deeper than 300 metres, had a larger reduction in FEV 1 and maximal expiratory flow rates compared with those diving to depths shallower than 150 metres. 25 A reduction in maximal expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes has been a consistent finding in all previous studies of divers' lung function, 3-5 8 21 and it has been related to number of years of diving experience or cumulative number of dives performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In a four year follow up study of saturation divers, 25 those having done deep dives to depths deeper than 300 metres, had a larger reduction in FEV 1 and maximal expiratory flow rates compared with those diving to depths shallower than 150 metres. 25 A reduction in maximal expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes has been a consistent finding in all previous studies of divers' lung function, 3-5 8 21 and it has been related to number of years of diving experience or cumulative number of dives performed. In a recent study by Reuter and colleagues, 26 however, there was no radiological evidence of air trapping to support the view that experienced commercial divers develop small airway dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Lung function over six years among professional divers

et al. 2002

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Aims: To analyse longitudinal changes in pulmonary function in professional divers and their relation with cumulative diving exposure. Methods: The study included 87 men at the start of their education as professional divers. At follow up one, three, and six years later, 83, 81, and 77 divers were reexamined. The median number of compressed air dives in the 77 divers over the follow up period was 196 (range . A group of non-smoking policemen (n = 64) were subjected to follow up examinations in parallel with the divers. Assessment of lung function included dynamic lung volumes, maximal expiratory flow rates, and transfer factor for carbon monoxide (Tl CO ). The individual rates of change of the lung function variables were calculated by fitting linear regression lines to the data, expressed as percent change per year. Results: The annual reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expired volume in one second (FEV 1 ) were 0.91 (SD 1.22) and 0.84 (SD 1.28) per cent per year in divers, which were significantly higher than the reductions in the policemen of 0.24 (SD 1.04) and 0.16 (SD 1.07) per cent per year (p < 0.001). The annual reduction in the maximal expiratory flow rates at 25% and 75% of FVC expired (FEF 25% and FEF 75% ) were related to the log 10 transformed cumulative number of dives in a multiple regression analysis (p < 0.05). The annual reductions in Tl CO were 1.33 (SD 1.85) and 0.43 (SD 1.53) per cent per year in divers and policemen (p < 0.05). Conclusions: FVC, FEV 1 , maximal expiratory flow rates, and Tl CO were significantly reduced in divers over the follow up period when compared with policemen. The contrasts within and between groups suggest that diving has contributed to the reduction in lung function. D ivers are exposed to several factors that have effects on lung function. During diving the lungs are exposed to increased partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) and venous gas microembolism caused by decompression stress. These factors may induce inflammatory reactions in the lungs and gas exchange abnormalities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Lung function over six years among professional divers

et al. 2002

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“…In a prospective follow-up of pulmonary function after a deep saturation dive, a decrease in FEV1 was measured that was higher than normal, and was prominent after 1 year [55]. While a decrease in diffusion capacity after deep dives was found to recover during follow-up at 1 and 3 years, a reduction in flows at small lung volumes did not [57].…”

Section: Long-term Effects Of Diving On Lung Functionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Including the three search terms "lung" or "pulmonary", plus "physiology" or "function" plus "diving" revealed 799 hits. 17 publications provided data on 12 longitudinal cohort studies [54,56,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] and two studies that reported pulmonary function long-term follow-up testing after single deep dives [55,57]. Studies were heterogeneous in regards to their methodology, study populations, observation period and outcomes.…”

Section: Long-term Effects Of Diving On Lung Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short- and long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function

Tetzlaff

Thomas

2017

Eur Respir Rev

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@ERSpublicationsThe effects of diving on pulmonary function largely depend on factors associated with the individual diving response http://ow.ly/aIFS3095WNnCite this article as: Tetzlaff K, Thomas PS. Short-and long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function. ABSTRACT The diving environment provides a challenge to the lung, including exposure to high ambient pressure, altered gas characteristics and cardiovascular effects on the pulmonary circulation. Several factors associated with diving affect pulmonary function acutely and can potentially cause prolonged effects that may accumulate gradually with repeated diving exposure. Evidence from experimental deep dives and longitudinal studies suggests long-term adverse effects of diving on the lungs in commercial deep divers, such as the development of small airways disease and accelerated loss of lung function. In addition, there is an accumulating body of evidence that diving with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) may not be associated with deleterious effects on pulmonary function. Although changes in pulmonary function after single scuba dives have been found to be associated with immersion, ambient cold temperatures and decompression stress, changes in lung function were small and suggest a low likelihood of clinical significance. Recent evidence points to no accelerated loss of lung function in military or recreational scuba divers over time. Thus, the impact of diving on pulmonary function largely depends on factors associated with the individual diving exposure. However, in susceptible subjects clinically relevant worsening of lung function may occur even after single shallow-water scuba dives.

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“…Cross-sectional studies of divers [4][5][6], and a longitudinal follow-up of pulmonary function after deep saturation dives [7], have indicated development of small airways dysfunction related to diving exposure. These symptoms may be caused by toxic effects of oxygen [8], and by venous gas microemboli, generated during the decompression and filtered in the pulmonary circulation [9][10][11].…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of reduced pulmonary function after a saturation dive

Thorsen

Segadal²,

Kambestad³

1994

Eur Respir J

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M Me ec ch ha an ni is sm ms s o of f r re ed du uc ce ed d p pu ul lm mo on na ar ry y f fu un nc ct ti io on n a af ft te er r a a s sa at tu ur ra at ti io on n d di iv ve e E. Thorsen, K. Segadal, B.K. KambestadMechanisms of reduced pulmonary function after a saturation dive. E. Thorsen, K. Segadal, B.K. Kambestad. ERS Journals Ltd 1994. ABSTRACT: Deep saturation diving has been shown to have prolonged effects on pulmonary function. We wanted to assess the relative contribution of various factors that could contribute to these effects.Pulmonary function was, therefore, measured before and after 17 different saturation diving operations to depths of 5-450 m of sea water, corresponding to absolute pressures of 0.15-4.6 MPa. Four to fifteen divers participated in each operation. The measurements included static and dynamic lung volumes and flows, transfer factor of the lungs for carbon monoxide (TLCO), and closing volume. The dives were characterized by the cumulative hyperoxic and hyperbaric exposures, and the load of venous gas microemboli encountered during decompression was measured in 41 divers in three dives to 0.25, 1.2 and 3.7 MPa.TLCO was reduced by 8.3±7.0% mean±SD after the dives, this correlated with cumulative hyperoxic exposure and load of venous gas microembolism, independently of each other. Closing volume was increased and forced mid-expiratory flow rate reduced, in correlation with cumulative hyperoxic exposure. An increase in total lung capacity correlated with cumulative hyperbaric exposure.We conclude that hyperoxia, hyperbaria, and venous gas microembolism all contribute to the changes in pulmonary function after a single saturation dive, and all may explain some of the long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function.

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Pulmonary function one and four years after a deep saturation dive.

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Lung function over six years among professional divers

Lung function over six years among professional divers

Short- and long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function

Mechanisms of reduced pulmonary function after a saturation dive

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