Pulmonary Embolism – An Enigma

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism is considered a rare disease in India. The diagnosis is likely to be missed as its presentation is often enigmatic. Ten cases of pulmonary embolism are presented. Nine patients presented with acute pulmonary embolism, while one had chronic pulmonary emboli with cor pulmonale. The diagnosis was based on pulmonary angiography (1 case), lung perfusion/ventilation scan (2 cases), autopsy (2 cases) and characteristic ECG, X-ray chest and clinical features (5 cases). The initial diagnosis was often incorrect (7/10 cases). Common presenting clinical features were: sudden breathlessness (10/10), tachypnoea (10/10) and tachycardia (8/10); chest pain (3/10) was uncommon and hemoptysis was not seen in any patient. ECG revealed isolated sinus tachycardia in 2 cases, S Q T pattern in 2, and right axis with ST-T wave changes in 5 patients. X-ray chest showed either an area of oligemia or non-specific opacities in 7 patients and was normal in three cases. Advances in specific diagnostic modalities coupled with heightened awareness should contribute to an early detection of pulmonary embolism, rarity of which may be more apparent than real.