Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity in Cigarette Smokers

Martt, Jack M.

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-56-1-39

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Also, greater alveolar-arterial P02 differences (STREIDER and KAZEMI, 1967;MCFADDEN and LINDEN, 1972) and lower diffusion capacities (MARTT, 1963;KRUMHOLZ et al, 1964) of smokers lead to arterial desaturation and hence decreased arteriovenous oxygen differences. Since the increase in V02 at maximal workload occur mainly by increased 02 extraction from the blood, an existing arterial desaturation in smokers would set a limit to their V02 max.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gradual decrease in VE max with increasing age reflects gradual loss of capacity to expand the thoracic cage. Aging is known to decrease vital capacities and maximum breathing capacities and terminal expiratory flow rates (MARTT, 1963;MOTLEY, 1971;WALTER et al, 1979). These aging-induced alterations in ventilatory mechanics hinder the "bellow"s action of lung and hence lower maximal pulmonary ventilation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is, therefore, concluded that the Vo2 max or aerobic capacity is an important determinant of the ability of an individual to carry on extended work and is the best indicator of physical fitness (MARTT, 1963;SHEPHARD et at., 1968). The present study showed that although the young smokers were asymptomatic, their physical fitness and their work capacity for prolonged muscular performance were impaired.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CHEVALIER et al (1963), LARSEN (1963), MARTT (1963), andTAYLOR (1959) are just a few of the investigators who have made contributions in this area. Recent concern over cigarette smoking has resulted in the required addition of a warning label on all packs of cigarettes which states that "cigarette smoking is injurious to health or may be hazardous to your health .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the early effects of smoking might be expected to cause some abnormality in oxygen exchange and transport (MARTT, 1963;ANTHONISEN et al, 1968;WALTER and NANCY, 1983) and thus affecting oxygen uptake capacity. Although oxygen uptake in the smokers may remain normal during rest and moderate activity, it is likely impaired during severe exertion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maximum oxygen uptake capacity of smokers of different age groups.

1987

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Eighty-four healthy asymptomatic sedentary smokers and 92 healthy sedentary non-smokers of the age range 20-59 years were investigated for their maximum oxygen uptake capacity ( V02 max) and related cardiorespiratory parameters at the level of maximal exercise by bicycle ergometry. The subjects were blocked into four age decades of 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years to show the effect of smoking on Voz max of smokes of different age groups. The physical characteristics of smokers and non-smokers of comparable age groups did not show any significant difference. The smokers of each subsequent age group consumed 5.9±4.1, 6.3±5.7, 12.7±7.1, and 11.5±9.1 pack years of cigarettes, respectively (pack year = number of packets of cigarettes per day x number of years of smoking). VO2 max of smokers (38.9 ±4.6 ml • kg' • min -1) was significantly lower (p <0.05) than that of nonsmokers (42.1 + 3.2 ml • kg' • min -1) only in the young age group of 20-29 years. V02 max expressed in per kg of the body weight (Vo2 max/BW) was found to be significantly (p <0.01) and negatively correlated with number of cigarettes smoked per day (-0.36, p <0.01), number of years through which smoked (-0.38, p<0.01), and pack years (-0.42, p<0.01). In other age groups, though non-smokers predominated over smokers in V02max' the differences were not statistically significant. Also, in these age groups, smoking histories failed to reveal any significant correlation with V02 max• This suggests that smoking impairs V0 2 max only in the young ages. By increasing age, V02 max was diminished by 1300 from 20 to 59 years in non-smokers and 15.500 from 20 to 59 years in smokers. Age also diminished HRmax and VEmax of smokers in the same manner as in the case of non-smokers. The Vo2 max of Indian sedentary non-smokers was found to be lower than those of Caucasians, Kurds, Yemenites, Europeans, and Africans. Values reported on Asians were found to be comparable with those of the present study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maximum oxygen uptake capacity of smokers of different age groups.

1987

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Pulmonary Physiological Measurements in Smokers and Nonsmokers

Hensler¹,

Giron²

1963

JAMA

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The lung function of 163 middle-aged military officers was studied in relation to smoking habits. The 113 habitual cigarette smokers were found to have significantly lower average ventilatory capacities and increased residual volumes as compared with 50 nonsmokers. Although most subjects in both groups were within normal range, there were significantly more smokers who demonstrated abnormal results to tests of maximum voluntary ventilation, timed vital capacity, and residual volume. Habitual smokers also admitted to chronic cough and shortness of breath with greater frequency than did nonsmokers, although the differences were not statistically significant. The authors conclude that these differences cannot be explained on any factor other than that one group smoked and the other group did not. THE BELATIONSHIP between cigarette smok¬ ing and chronic bronchopulmonary disease has been the subject of much discussion, speculation, and investigation in recent years. The frequent association between cigarette smoking and the syn¬ dromes of chronic cough, bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema has been noted and reported.1"7 We are From the Department of Pulmonary Disease, USAF Hospital Scott. Dr. Hensler is now at the USAF Hospital Wiesbaden, APO 633, New York.The contents of this paper reflect the personal views of the authors and are not to be construed as a statement of official Air Force policy. aware of an increasing interest in the pulmonary physiological effect of long-term use of tobacco among healthy individuals,8'14 and studies have invariably showed decreased physiological measure¬ ments in smokers. We have recently had the oppor¬ tunity to evaluate ventilatory function and long volume in a group of middle-aged military officers in connection with their annual physical examina¬ tions. The results of these tests are assessed in relation to the patients' smoking habits. Material and MethodsSubjects were senior Air Force officers, aged 38 to 57, approximately 55% of whom were flying per¬ sonnel (pilots, navigators, and so on). Subjects were hospitalized on the evening prior to testing. A complete medical history and physical examina¬ tion was accomplished by an internist, and signifi¬ cant cardiac or pulmonary disease was excluded on the basis of history and physical findings, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and double Masters exer¬ cise test. In order to eliminate any acute effects of smoking, we asked the subjects to refrain from smoking, beginning at bedtime on the day prior to testing. Excellent cooperation was obtained. On reporting to the pulmonary function laboratory at 11:00 am, each subject answered a brief question¬ naire relative to past and present respiratory dis¬ ease, symptoms, and smoking habits. For the pur¬ poses of analysis of results, those individuals who habitually smoked cigarettes at the time of exami¬ nation were classified as smokers, and those who had never smoked or who had smoked only very occasionally in the past were classified as non-Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by...

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Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Endurance Performance

Cooper¹,

Gey²,

Bottenberg³

1968

JAMA

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By means of a 12-minute field test, the effect of cigarette smoking on endurance performance was measured in 419 airmen before and after six weeks of basic training. In 47 airmen, cardiopulmonary indexes also were obtained during maximal treadmill performance. Field testing showed that endurance performance was inversely related to the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the duration of smoking. The training response also was impaired significantly in the smokers. During treadmill studies, smokers had a decrease in respiratory minute volume and a lower oxygen consumption at equivalent heart rates than nonsmokers. Further statistical studies demonstrated not only the independent effect of smoking, but also the effect of prior athletic history and physical characteristics on endurance performance. The latter effects become less significant as physical training progressed.The chronic effect of cigarette smoking on en¬ durance performance has been postulated for many years, but little available information has documented this effect. Several investigators'2 have reported no differences in maximum oxygen con¬ sumption between smokers and nonsmokers of similar age groups when measured during maxi¬ mum effort on a bicycle ergometer. A submaximum treadmill study of 159 young, healthy, male uni¬ versity students also demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the various cardiovascu¬ lar measurements between "never smokers" and "all smokers."3 Another study evaluating work and recovery pulse data for 859 businessmen, students, and railroad workers revealed no evidence of re¬ duced circulatory fitness in smokers. However, when middle-aged subjects with cardiovascular abnor¬ malities are included in the smoking group, the ac¬ tual work-pulse is slightly, but significantly, higher in the smokers.4The acute effects of cigarette smoking on cardiopulmonary function have been investigated more extensively.1,2,56 Briefly, these effects include in¬ creased pulse rate at rest, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, vasoconstriction in the cu¬ taneous vascular bed, and probable reduction in See also pages 193 and 201. the coronary artery blood flow. Changes in the pulmonary function include increased oxygen con¬ sumption at rest, decreased diffusing capacity at rest and with exercise, decreased vital and total lung capacity, and a larger oxygen debt during exercise. Still other investigators have shown that a mild bronchoconstriction, which is insufficient to cause symptoms, occurs in most individuals im¬ mediately after inhalation of cigarette smoke. This persists for 10 to 80 minutes and recurs after the smoking of a second cigarette.7 All of these cardiopulmonary effects, whether they are acute or chron¬ ic, have the potential of affecting both endurance performance and the physiological response to training. Inasmuch as these phenomena have not been tested previously, the purpose of this study has been to determine whether cigarette smoking has any effect, and if so how much, on the endur¬ ance performa...

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Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity in Cigarette Smokers

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Maximum oxygen uptake capacity of smokers of different age groups.

Maximum oxygen uptake capacity of smokers of different age groups.

Pulmonary Physiological Measurements in Smokers and Nonsmokers

Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Endurance Performance

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