Pulmonary arterial hypertension (ascites syndrome) in broilers: A review

Wideman, Robert F.; Rhoads, David B.; Erf, Gisela F.; Anthony, Nicholas B.

doi:10.3382/ps.2012-02745

Cited by 162 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 198 publications

(304 reference statements)

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“…The baseline figures reported are in line with those reported elsewhere for broilers, though the range is wide (e.g. 258 bpm, [26]; 328 bpm, [54]; 387 bpm, [27]; 419 bpm [8]). Stress associated with handling is a relevant consideration in any slaughter system, as slaughter processes routinely occur following manual catching and transportation, though handling related stress is minimized in the commercial LAPS system by stunning the birds in their transport containers.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The LAPS system has been given 'no objection' status by both the United States Department for Agriculture in 2010 and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in 2013 and is in routine commercial use at a poultry processing plant in Arkansas. As temperature rises, water vapour pressure increases and the amount of oxygen available in the air decreases [54]. The LAPS system uses a computer programme to adjust the pressure curves for different ambient temperature to achieve the same hypoxic effect (described in [5]).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens

Martin

Christensen

Vizzier-Thaxton

et al. 2016

Physiology & Behavior

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A novel approach to pre-slaughter stunning of chickens has been developed in which birds are rendered unconscious by progressive hypobaric hypoxia. Termed Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning (LAPS), this approach involves application of gradual decompression lasting 280 s according to a prescribed curve. We examined responses to LAPS by recording behaviour, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) in individual male chickens, and interpreted these with regards to the welfare impact of the process. We also examined the effect of two temperature adjusted pressure curves on these responses. Broiler chickens were exposed to LAPS in 30 triplets (16 and 14 triplets assigned to each pressure curve). In each triplet, one bird was instrumented for recording of EEG and ECG while the behaviour of all three birds was observed. Birds showed a consistent sequence of behaviours during LAPS (ataxia, loss of posture, clonic convulsions and motionless) which were observed in all birds. Leg paddling, tonic convulsions, slow wing flapping, mandibulation, head shaking, open bill breathing, deep inhalation, jumping and vocalisation were observed in a proportion of birds. Spectral analysis of EEG responses at 2 s intervals throughout LAPS revealed progressive decreases in median frequency at the same time as corresponding progressive increases in total power, followed later by decreases in total power as all birds exhibited isoelectric EEG and died. There was a very pronounced increase in total power at 50-60 s into the LAPS cycle, which corresponded to dominance of the signal by high amplitude slow waves, indicating loss of consciousness.Slow wave EEG was seen early in the LAPS process, before behavioural evidence of loss of consciousness such as ataxia and loss of posture, almost certainly due to the fact that it was completely dark in the LAPS chamber. ECG recordings showed a pronounced bradycardia (starting on average 49.6 s into LAPS), often associated with arrhythmia, until around 60 s into LAPS when heart rate levelled off. There was a good correlation between behavioural, EEG and cardiac measures in relation to loss of consciousness which collectively provide a loss of consciousness estimate of around 60 s. There were some effects of temperature A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTadjusted pressure curves on behavioural latencies and ECG responses, but in general responses were consistent and very similar to those reported in previous research on controlled atmosphere stunning with inert gases. The results suggest that the process is humane (slaughter without avoidable fear, anxiety, pain, suffering and distress). In particular, the maintenance of slow wave EEG patterns in the early part of LAPS (while birds are still conscious) is strongly suggestive that LAPS is non-aversive, since we would expect this to be interrupted by pain or discomfort. Highlights A novel stunning system uses hypobaric hypoxia to render poultry unconscious  We measured electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram and...

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Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens

Martin

Christensen

Vizzier-Thaxton

et al. 2016

Physiology & Behavior

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“…High altitude, poor ventilation (Julian, 2000), low temperature (Fathi et al, 2011), and ad libitum feeding (Rodríguez-Ortega et al, 2014) are predisposing factors for AS. High altitude reduces the partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ) in the inspired air (hypoxia, Wideman et al, 2013), which in turn produces hypoxic broilers (Ruiz-Feria & Wideman, 2001). The central etiology of AS is a hypoxemic condition (hypoxemia refers to blood in the systemic arteries that is under saturated with oxygen; Wideman et al, 2013) resulting from an imbalance between demand and supply of oxygen (Kalmar et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High altitude reduces the partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ) in the inspired air (hypoxia, Wideman et al, 2013), which in turn produces hypoxic broilers (Ruiz-Feria & Wideman, 2001). The central etiology of AS is a hypoxemic condition (hypoxemia refers to blood in the systemic arteries that is under saturated with oxygen; Wideman et al, 2013) resulting from an imbalance between demand and supply of oxygen (Kalmar et al, 2013). Bakonyi & Radak (2004) reported that exposure to high altitude increases the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, and ROS cause lipid peroxidation in heart and liver of broilers (Díaz-Cruz et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Peroxidation in the Plasma, Lungs, Heart and Liver of Broilers Fed a Grape Seed Extract and Raised at 2278 m of Altitude

Rodríguez-Ortega

Juárez-Juárez

Pró-Martínez

et al. 2017

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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Grape seed extract, high altitude, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E. ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of vitamin E (VE) by grape seed extract (GSE) on glutathione peroxidase activity (GPxA), nitric oxide (NO) concentration and lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration] in the plasma, lungs, heart and liver, and live performance of broilers raised at 2278 m of altitude. One-d-old Ross 308 male chickens (n = 420) were randomly distributed into three treatments: Control-AL (basal diet containing 40 IU of VE and fed ad libitum; AL), Control-FR (basal diet and feed restriction; FR) and GSE-AL [basal diet containing 10 mg of GSE (equivalent to 30 IU VE) plus 10 IU of VE and fed AL]. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Glutathione peroxidase activity, and NO and MDA concentrations in the plasma were evaluated on d 46. On d 47, MDA was evaluated in the lungs, heart and liver. Live performance parameters were recorded weekly. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in live performance and NO concentration among treatments. Birds from the GSE-AL treatment presented the lowest (p<0.05) GPxA, the highest (p<0.05) MDA concentration in the plasma, heart and liver, and intermediate MDA concentration in the lungs. Our results suggest that GSE may partially replace VE in broiler diets without impairment of live performance. However, further research is required to determine the optimal level of dietary GSE inclusion to reduce lipid peroxidation in the plasma, lungs, heart, and liver of broilers raised at 2278 m of altitude.

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“…This, coupled with insufficient development of cardio-pulmonary systems to support that rapid growth, resulted in greater susceptibility to metabolic disorders such as ascites syndrome (also known as pulmonary hypertension syndrome and pulmonary arterial hypertension syndrome) (Luger et al, 2003;Wideman et al, 2013), which is one of the major causes of mortality and economic loss in modern broiler industry (Aftab and Khan, 2005;Ozkan et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of early feed restriction on physiological responses, performance and ascites incidence in broiler chickens raised in normal or cold environment

Mohammadalipour

Rahmani

Jahanian

et al. 2017

Animal

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Intensive selection of broilers for faster growth and better feed efficiency resulted in greater susceptibility to metabolic disorders such as ascites syndrome, which is one of the major causes of mortality and economic loss in broiler industry. Whereas cool temperature is one of the primary triggers for ascites, early feed restriction (FDR) significantly alleviates its incidence and mortality. However, little is known about effects of FDR, cold environmental temperature and their interaction on physiological responses in broiler chickens. For this purpose, 320 one-day-old male broilers were divided into two treatment groups of Ad libitum (Ad) and feed restricted (FR) with eight pen replicates each. Chickens in FR group underwent feed access limitation from days 7 to 14 of age. On day 21 half of the birds (four pens) in each group exposed to the cold temperature (CT) and the other half (four pens) continued at normal temperature (NT). Average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42. At 39 and 46 days of age two chicks with a BW around the pen average were selected from each pen and slaughtered after collecting blood samples. Then, relative weight of internal organs and right ventricle weight per total ventricle weight (RV : TV) ratio were calculated. Compared with NT group, CT birds had higher daily feed intake and FCR (P < 0.05) from day 28 to 42. Cumulative ascites mortality in CT chickens was higher (P < 0.001) than NT chicks. Within the CT group, ascites mortality in FR chickens was reduced (P < 0.001) to 1.25% compared with 8.75% in Ad chicks. Birds in CT group had significantly (P < 0.05) thicker right ventricle and greater relative weight of heart, hematocrit and triiodothyronine concentration. However, none of these parameters were affected by FDR. Under cold stress conditions, FDR reduced activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05). Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and total protein were not influenced by either temperature or feeding regimen. In conclusion, these findings suggest that FDR reduces ascites incidence mainly by allowing better development of internal organs, which helps them to cope with the high metabolic pressure and suffer less damage.

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Pulmonary arterial hypertension (ascites syndrome) in broilers: A review

Cited by 162 publications

References 198 publications

Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens

Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens

Lipid Peroxidation in the Plasma, Lungs, Heart and Liver of Broilers Fed a Grape Seed Extract and Raised at 2278 m of Altitude

Effect of early feed restriction on physiological responses, performance and ascites incidence in broiler chickens raised in normal or cold environment

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