Pulmonary and systemic toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament

Farcas, Mariana T.; McKinney, Walter; Qi, Chaolong; Mandler, Kyle; Battelli, Lori; Friend, Sherri; Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.; Jackson, Mark; Orandle, Marlene S.; Winn, Ava; Kashon, Michael L.; LeBouf, Ryan F.; Russ, Kristen A.; Hammond, Duane R.; Burns, Dru A.; Ranpara, Anand; Thomas, Treye; Matheson, Joanna; Qian, Yong

doi:10.1080/08958378.2020.1834034

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Chan et al performed a survey of AM operators using a variety of printing methods and found a high incidence of self-reported respiratory symptoms. Experimental laboratory studies on rats ( Stefaniak et al , 2017a ; Farcas et al , 2020 ) and lung cells exposed to printing emissions from ME ( Farcas et al , 2019 ; Zhang et al , 2019 ) have also shown adverse effects of varying degree. Volunteers exposed to printing emissions from ME, however, showed no acute changes in inflammatory markers ( Gümperlein et al , 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Methods for Surveillance of Occupational Exposure from Additive Manufacturing in Four Different Industrial Facilities

Eden

Tinnerberg

Rosell

et al. 2021

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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3D printing, a type of additive manufacturing (AM), is a rapidly expanding field. Some adverse health effects have been associated with exposure to printing emissions, which makes occupational exposure studies important. There is a lack of exposure studies, particularly from printing methods other than material extrusion (ME). The presented study aimed to evaluate measurement methods for exposure assessment in AM environments and to measure exposure and emissions from four different printing methods [powder bed fusion (PBF), material extrusion (ME), material jetting (MJ), and vat photopolymerization] in industry. Structured exposure diaries and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors were used over a 5-day working week. Personal and stationary VOC samples and real-time particle measurements were taken for 1 day per facility. Personal inhalable and respirable dust samples were taken during PBF and MJ AM. The use of structured exposure diaries in combination with measurement data revealed that comparatively little time is spent on actual printing and the main exposure comes from post-processing tasks. VOC and particle instruments that log for a longer period are a useful tool as they facilitate the identification of work tasks with high emissions, highlight the importance of ventilation and give a more gathered view of variations in exposure. No alarming levels of VOCs or dust were detected during print nor post-processing in these facilities as adequate preventive measures were installed. As there are a few studies reporting negative health effects, it is still important to keep the exposure as low as reasonable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Methods for Surveillance of Occupational Exposure from Additive Manufacturing in Four Different Industrial Facilities

Eden

Tinnerberg

Rosell

et al. 2021

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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show abstract

“…ABS is the second most used material in FDM printing behind PLA [21,22]. Its low glass transition temperature (T g ¼ 110 C) and excellent processing properties make it a popular choice in FDM 3D [26,27]. As an amorphous polymer, ABS experiences low shrinkage and warping during the cooling process and allows fabrication of parts with high accuracy and dimensional stability [28].…”

Section: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (Abs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging 3D printing to enhance mass spectrometry: A review

Grajewski

Hermann

Oleschuk

et al. 2021

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…In recent reports, the long-term exposure (30 day) to emissions of 3D printed ABS filament showed significantly increased macrophage populations and a rise in IL-10 and IFN-γ serum concentrations post 10 days. No sign of abnormal changes in lung histopathology or pulmonary oxidative stress responses were observed . We recently developed a strategy for the analysis of product emissions from 3D pen printing of filaments (3D PPF) with different additives (CNTs, steel, Cu, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Particle Emissions and Toxicity of 3D Pen Printed Filaments with Metal Nanoparticles As Additives: In Vitro and in Silico Discriminant Function Analysis

Singh

Maharjan

Jungnickel

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The emergence of low-cost 3D printing (particularly with 3D pens) in the home and school environment is a matter of concern since there is a lack of data confirming its safe application. The filament washed with water and the particle emission during printing (captured in water) were analyzed. In this report, we provide important insights about toxicity, intracellular mitochondrial stress, and cellular metabolic alterations as a mechanistic response after exposure of emissions released during 3D pen printing with polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA filaments with additives (carbon nanotubes (CNTs), copper, or steel). We adopted the design and exposure of a realistic inhalation procedure of aerosols via introducing mist-containing particles released during 3D pen printing processes of filaments with/without additive (CNTs, steel, copper) to A549 cells in a cloud chamber. The filaments with or without additives appear benign except for copper, which causes higher changes in stress, cell death, and metabolic perturbations. Albeit live/dead cell assay fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed little or no toxicity, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry bimolecular imaging and chemical mapping show insightful changes in cell membrane lipid compositions. Biochemical profiles obtained based on ion m/z signature peaks exhibit membrane and lipoprotein metabolism alterations which are similar to those adopted by A549 cells while developing drug resistance and their activation of the expression of their efflux pump. The results sought in this report suggest the cautious use of 3D pen printers for filaments embedded with redox active metals as additives in a home environment.

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Pulmonary and systemic toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament

Cited by 34 publications

References 54 publications

Exploring Methods for Surveillance of Occupational Exposure from Additive Manufacturing in Four Different Industrial Facilities

Exploring Methods for Surveillance of Occupational Exposure from Additive Manufacturing in Four Different Industrial Facilities

Leveraging 3D printing to enhance mass spectrometry: A review

Evaluating Particle Emissions and Toxicity of 3D Pen Printed Filaments with Metal Nanoparticles As Additives: In Vitro and in Silico Discriminant Function Analysis

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