The lu n g is richly su pplied with peptidergic n erv es that store an d secrete su bstan ce P (SP), v asoactiv e in testin al peptide (VIP), an d other n eu ropeptides kn own to poten tly mod u late leu kocyte fu n ction in v itro an d airway in ammation in v iv o. We examin ed the effect of SP, VIP an d the n ov el sen sory n eu ropeptide secreton eu rin (SN), as well as of in terleu kin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1 , tran sformin g g rowth factor (TGF)-, an d tu mor n ecrosis factor (TNF), all associated with acu te lu n g in ju ry, on hu man n eu trophil mig ration across a 5-m pore polycarbon ate lter system cov ered by hu man lu n g broblast mon olayers. Addition ally, we tested the ability of these n eu ropeptides to elicit n eu trophil adhesion to broblast mon olayers. SP, bu t n ot VIP an d SN, may be importan t in directly in u en cin g n eu trophil adhesion to an d su bsequ en t migration across a su ben dothelial barrier of broblasts an d extracellu lar matrix towards lu n g in ammatory sites. The effect was main ly mediated by n eu rokin in (NK)-1 receptors, as ev alu ated by a speci c NK-1 an tag on ist, [[(S,S)Pro-Leu (spiro-y-lactam)] 9 10 , Trp 11 ]su bstan ce P (1 -11), whereas a speci c NK-2 receptor an tagon ist, [Tyr 5 , D-Trp 6 8 9 , Lys 10 ]n eu rokin in A (4-10), was in effectiv e. The SP an alog septide an d the NK-1 receptor agon ist ([Sar 9 Met(O 2 11 )SP were comparably effectiv e. Fu rthermore, the SP effect was con cen tration an d time depen den t. Howev er, the other tested n eu ropeptides might also affect n eu trophil recru itmen t in in ammatory lu n g by mod u latin g other lu n g cell fu n ction s. Addition ally, all tested cytokin es stimu lated n eu trophil tran s broblast migration in v itro, except IL-6. In con clu sion , SP in con cert with proin ammatory cytokin es may reg u late n eu trophil in terstitial accu mu lation an d their traf c to the alv eolar space in lu n g in ammation .Keywords adhesion , broblast, n eu trophil, secreton eu rin , su bstan ce P, tran sm ig ration , v asoactiv e in testin al peptide A characteristic feature of several lung in ammatory conditions is the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes ( PMNL) and monocytes in