Puff-by-puff resolved characterisation of cigarette mainstream smoke by single photon ionisation (SPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS): Comparison of the 2R4F research cigarette and pure Burley, Virginia, Oriental and Maryland tobacco cigarettes

Adam, Thomas; Mitschke, Stefan; Streibel, Thorsten; Baker, Richard R.; Zimmermann, Ralf

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.043

Cited by 53 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Ammonia's signal intensity increases more sharply from puff 6 than that of pyrrole under both atmospheres. In a previous work [30], a similar exponential increase in ammonia yield was found for a Burley tobacco cigarette but not for the 2R4F reference cigarette. Two other previous works [56,57] describe the significant increase of ammonia release on a puff-by-puff basis from a 1R4F reference cigarette (i.e.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Figure 3b shows the sum of mainstream smoke yields from eight carbonyl compounds provided by the two devices with single-grade Virginia and Burley tobacco experimental cigarettes. The features of these experimental cigarettes can be found in Adam et al [30]. The yields generated by the simulator are higher due to the absence of filter ventilation and paper permeability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Since tobacco smoke is a complex and reactive matrix containing over 5,600 identified compounds in vapour and particle phases [11,24,25], unravelling mechanistic information in real time requires a fast analysis technique. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with photo ionisation has been proven to be capable of analysing cigarette smoke and other complex gas mixtures online with a high time resolution [10,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Various volatile organic compounds covering a wide dynamic range of concentrations can be detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco in a cigarette smoking simulator under air and nitrogen atmosphere

et al. 2012

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A coupling between a cigarette smoking simulator and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer was constructed to allow investigation of tobacco smoke formation under simulated burning conditions. The cigarette smoking simulator is designed to burn a sample in close approximation to the conditions experienced by a lit cigarette. The apparatus also permits conditions outside those of normal cigarette burning to be investigated for mechanistic understanding purposes. It allows control of parameters such as smouldering and puff temperatures, as well as combustion rate and puffing volume. In this study, the system enabled examination of the effects of "smoking" a cigarette under a nitrogen atmosphere. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with a soft ionisation technique is expedient to analyse complex mixtures such as tobacco smoke with a high time resolution. The objective of the study was to separate pyrolysis from combustion processes to reveal the formation mechanism of several selected toxicants. A purposely designed adapter, with no measurable dead volume or memory effects, enables the analysis of pyrolysis and combustion gases from tobacco and tobacco products (e.g. 3R4F reference cigarette) with minimum aging. The combined system demonstrates clear distinctions between smoke composition found under air and nitrogen smoking atmospheres based on the corresponding mass spectra and visualisations using principal component analysis.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco in a cigarette smoking simulator under air and nitrogen atmosphere

et al. 2012

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“…BD has natural precursors found in the tobacco leaf itself and precursors from additives. From the natural BD precursors, not all tobacco leaves are the same given that cigarettes made of pure Burley give lower BD yields than those made from flue-cured or oriental tobaccos (Adam et al , 2006). This difference in BD levels could be partly attributed to differences in curing methods and sugar content.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco Smoke–Related Health Effects Induced by 1,3-Butadiene and Strategies for Risk Reduction

Soeteman‐Hernández¹,

Bos

Talhout³

2013

Toxicological Sciences

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1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a smoke component selected by the World Health Organization (WHO) study group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) for mandated lowering. We examined the tobacco smoke–related health effects induced by BD and possible health impacts of risk reduction strategies. BD levels in mainstream smoke (MSS) from international and Canadian cigarettes and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were derived from scientific journals and international government reports. Dose-response analyses from toxicity studies from government reports were evaluated and the most sensitive cancer and noncancer endpoints were selected. The risks were evaluated by taking the ratio (margin of exposure, MOE) from the most sensitive toxicity endpoint and appropriate exposure estimates for BD in MSS and ETS. BD is a good choice for lowering given that MSS and ETS were at levels for cancer (leukemia) and noncancer (ovarian atrophy) risks, and the risks can be significantly lowered when lowering the BD concentrations in smoke. Several risk reduction strategies were analyzed including a maximum level of 125% of the median BD value per milligram nicotine obtained from international brands as recommended by the WHO TobReg, tobacco substitute sheets, dual and triple carbon filters, and polymer-derived carbon. The use of tobacco substitute sheet with a polymer-derived carbon filter resulted in the most significant change in risk for cancer and noncancer effects. Our results demonstrate that MOE analysis might be a practical way to assess the impact of risk reduction strategies on human health in the future.

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“…For instance, the higher yields of nitrogen-containing smoke constituents observed for single-blend Burley compared with single-blend Virginia research cigarettes (Adam et al, 2006; Ding et al, 2008) carries over to American-blend compared to Virginia-type cigarettes, in particular resulting in higher yields of most of the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and aromatic amines in American-blend cigarettes (Gregg et al, 2004; Counts et al, 2005; Hyodo et al, 2007; Hammond and O'Connor, 2008). High molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[ a ]pyrene and benzo[ k ]fluoranthene, are formed at lower yields in the mainstream smoke of single-blend Burley than in that of Virginia research cigarettes (Ding et al, 2008), which also carries through to mostly lower yields in American-blend compared to Virginia-type market cigarettes (Ding et al, 2006).…”

Section: Comparison Of Marketed American-blend and Virginia-type Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific assessment of the use of sugars as cigarette tobacco ingredients: A review of published and other publicly available studies

Roemer

Schorp

Piadé

et al. 2012

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Sugars, such as sucrose or invert sugar, have been used as tobacco ingredients in American-blend cigarettes to replenish the sugars lost during curing of the Burley component of the blended tobacco in order to maintain a balanced flavor. Chemical-analytical studies of the mainstream smoke of research cigarettes with various sugar application levels revealed that most of the smoke constituents determined did not show any sugar-related changes in yields (per mg nicotine), while ten constituents were found to either increase (formaldehyde, acrolein, 2-butanone, isoprene, benzene, toluene, benzo[k]fluoranthene) or decrease (4-aminobiphenyl, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosonornicotine) in a statistically significant manner with increasing sugar application levels. Such constituent yields were modeled into constituent uptake distributions using simulations of nicotine uptake distributions generated on the basis of published nicotine biomonitoring data, which were multiplied by the constituent/nicotine ratios determined in the current analysis. These simulations revealed extensive overlaps for the constituent uptake distributions with and without sugar application. Moreover, the differences in smoke composition did not lead to relevant changes in the activity in in vitro or in vivo assays. The potential impact of using sugars as tobacco ingredients was further assessed in an indirect manner by comparing published data from markets with predominantly American-blend or Virginia-type (no added sugars) cigarettes. No relevant difference was found between these markets for smoking prevalence, intensity, some markers of dependence, nicotine uptake, or mortality from smoking-related lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In conclusion, thorough examination of the data available suggests that the use of sugars as ingredients in cigarette tobacco does not increase the inherent risk and harm of cigarette smoking.

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Puff-by-puff resolved characterisation of cigarette mainstream smoke by single photon ionisation (SPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS): Comparison of the 2R4F research cigarette and pure Burley, Virginia, Oriental and Maryland tobacco cigarettes

Cited by 53 publications

References 27 publications

Pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco in a cigarette smoking simulator under air and nitrogen atmosphere

Pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco in a cigarette smoking simulator under air and nitrogen atmosphere

Tobacco Smoke–Related Health Effects Induced by 1,3-Butadiene and Strategies for Risk Reduction

Scientific assessment of the use of sugars as cigarette tobacco ingredients: A review of published and other publicly available studies

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