“…In other respects, it has recently been shown that time-dependent problems generated by short pulses can be treated by a time-dependent unitary perturbation theory (TDUPT) [22,23,24], which is the time-dependent version of the perturbation theory using averaging techniques [25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. Analogous in its spirit to the interaction picture, this theory consists of a series of unitary transformations, which are aimed at rewriting the evolution operator as a product of other propagators.…”