Public water supplies in Puerto Rico, 1983

Abstract

VI CONVERSION FACTORS MultiplyBy_ To obtain Million gallons per year (Mgal/yr) 0.0027 Million gallons per day (Mgal/d) Million gallons per year (Mgal/yr) 3.07 Acre-feet (Acre-ft) Million gallons per year (Mgal/yr) Cubic feet per second

Puerto Rican Karst-A Vital Resource

“…For example, the saltwater wedge was detected 2.8 km upstream from the mouth of Río Cibuco and 4.8 river km upstream from the mouth of Río de La Plata (Torres González and Díaz 1984). At Río Grande de Manatí, the saltwater wedge can penetrate 10.9 km at zero discharge (Gómez Gómez 1984). The distance of the saltwater wedge's penetration is proportional to sea level and inversely proportional to the freshwater discharge of the rivers.…”

“…Municipalities are listed in table 14. Data are from Gómez Gómez et al (1984), Torres Sierra and Avilés (1986), Dopazo and Molina Rivera (1995), Molina ), and Molina Rivera (1997.…”

“…Low rainfall intensities of 76 mm/d have a recurrence interval of 1 year while high rainfall intensities of >305 mm/d are possible during hurricane conditions or when low-pressure systems become stationary. These events have a recurrence interval of 100 years (Gómez Gómez 1984).…”

“…Río Grande de Manatí-This river has a mean annual flow of 329 million m 3 or 10.4 m 3 /s (Gómez Gómez 1984). It overflows its banks every 2 years and major floods can occur once every 7 years.…”

“…Numerous studies show the vulnerability of north coast limestone to salinization as a result of excessive pumping of wells (Gómez Gómez 1984, Gómez Gómez and Torres Sierra 1988, Quiñones Aponte 1986, Torres González 1985, Torres González and Díaz 1984. At Río Grande de Manatí, saline water can be found anywhere in the valley, which limits future water development to the south of Highway PR 2 (Gómez Gómez 1984). Wells in the Vega Baja to Sabana Seca area experienced water level declines of about 2.1 m over a period of 8 years (Torres González and Díaz 1984).…”