“…In other words, does public spending respond to positive and negative changes in unconditional federal transfers in the same manner? The two categories of asymmetry of the flypaper effect identified in the extant literature are the fiscal replacement and the fiscal restraint paradigms (Alymkulova et al, 2023;Gbaka et al, 2022;Zhou et al, 2022;Bature et al, 2022;Sour, 2013). The fiscal replacement category occurs when there is a reduction in federal transfers, but the local authorities prefer to keep public spending at the same level by generating more taxes or growing the local public debt.…”