Public Safety through Private Action: An Economic Assessment of BIDS

Cook, Philip J.; MacDonald, John M.

doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02419.x

Cited by 145 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Evaluations of LoJack (Ayres and Levitt 1998) and business improvement districts (Cook and MacDonald 2011) establish that private investments can deter (after all, they cannot incapacitate). However, we know relatively little about the effects of other types of private behavior, such as investments in burglary alarm systems, the emergence of various smart phone apps that provide information, as well as other types of technology.…”

Section: Directions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature

Chalfin

McCrary

2017

Journal of Economic Literature

497

279

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We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of deterrence effects is mixed. While there is considerable evidence that crime is responsive to police and to the existence of attractive legitimate labor-market opportunities, there is far less evidence that crime responds to the severity of criminal sanctions. We discuss fruitful directions for future work and implications for public policy. (JEL J64, K42)

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Section: Directions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature

Chalfin

McCrary

2017

Journal of Economic Literature

497

279

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“…In Los Angeles, using a quasi-experimental design, Brooks (2008) found that, compared to control groups formed in a variety of ways, treatment areas experienced reductions in serious crime, less serious crime, and overall crime (declines of 6-10 percent). Crime reductions in BIDs were confirmed by Cook and MacDonald (2011), who also examined whether the reductions in crime and arrests were sustained or whether they quickly wore off by examining the impact on crime over time. The results suggest that the crime reduction effect may increase over time.…”

Section: Invest In Transforming the Physical Environment In Communitimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 13.5 categorizes the effectiveness of programmes for prison systems, while (Brooks 2008;Cook and MacDonald 2011;Hoyt 2005). Chapter 10 explores PPPs in more detail.…”

Section: Prisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoring paradise in the Caribbean: combatting violence with numbers

2017

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ative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to the IDB and for any non-commercial purpose.No derivative work is allowed.Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB's name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB's logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license.Note that link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. They lead to injury and the loss of human life, erode confidence in government, reduce the competitiveness of industries and services, negatively alter the investment climate, contribute to emigration, and can lead to the loss of skilled and educated citizens. Consequently, improving citizen security has become a priority of the Inter-American Development Bank in its efforts to support the governments and citizens of Latin America and the Caribbean.While citizen security has become an ever-increasing concern for many Caribbean countries, the magnitude of the problem has not been matched with an equally robust response in terms of research. Cross-national studies on the prevalence, causes, and effects of violence in the region are few. Empirical studies showing which policies have worked to reduce crime in the Caribbean are even scarcer.This volume analyses new data collected in household and business victimization surveys. These surveys allow us to understand crime from a primary source-the victims themselves. As such, this study goes beyond much of the existing literature, which relies primarily on police data. It contributes new information to our understanding of crime patterns, victim profiles, determinants of particular types of crime, and directions for crime reduction in the region.While the crime situation varies among countries, broadly speaking the Caribbean suffers from uniquely high levels of violent crime. After providing an overview of crime in five Caribbean capital cities, this volume addresses several factors associated with violent crime. These include youth, violence against women and children, neighbourhood characteristics, gangs, guns, and the police and criminal justice systems. The cost of this crime and violence to the Caribbean-about 3 percent of GDP-is significant. The study finds that victimization has negative ramifications for businesses, economic growth, tourism arrivals, emigration, and life satisfaction.However, perhaps the most unique aspect of this study is that it has been written with the specific intention of informing policy and programme design. There is much work in the region that is promising and much that is ineffective.This report helps to identify both, and urges that rigorous evaluations of the more promising programmes be conduc...

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“…In the US-focused literature on the decline of rates of crime, among the many explanations that have been offered and evaluated by researchers are the general aging of the population Baumer and Wolff 2014), a delayed effect of the legalization of abortion Levitt 2001, 2004;Foote and Goetz 2005), lower blood-lead levels among successive birth cohorts associated with the removal of lead from gasoline and paint (Nevin 2000(Nevin , 2007Reyes 2015), technological innovations that have made it more difficult to steal, especially locking systems in new cars (Farrell, Tilley, and Tseloni 2014), higher police staffing levels (Chalfin and McCrary 2013), innovative policing strategies (Braga and Bond 2008;Weisburd, Telep, Hinkle, and Eek 2010;Zimring 2007), an increase in the deployment of private security guards (Cook andMacDonald 2010, 2011) the waning of the crack cocaine epidemic (Fryer, Heaton, Levitt, and Murphy 2013), and the enormous rise of US incarceration rates (Levitt 1996;Liedke, Piehl, and Useem 2006;Raphael and Stoll 2013;Lofstrom and Raphael 2016). In an earlier assessment of the contribution of these factors in this journal, argues that nearly all of the US crime decline since 1991 can be explained by four factors: the legalization of abortion, the waning of the crack epidemic, the rise in the US incarceration rate, and the increase in police staffing levels.…”

Section: The Criminal Justice Expansion and The Decline In Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

Crime, the Criminal Justice System, and Socioeconomic Inequality

Lofstrom

Raphael

2016

Journal of Economic Perspectives

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A fter peaking in the early 1990s, official measures of violent and property crime rates have dropped to levels not seen since the 1960s. Proportional declines in the most serious offenses have been particularly pronounced. For example, murders/manslaughter per 100,000 declined by more than half, from 9.8 in 1991 to 4.5 in 2014, the lowest recorded murder rate since 1960. The violent crime rate overall fell by approximately half over this period, while overall property crime rates fell by nearly 50 percent. Juxtaposed against this declining crime rate has been an enormous and unprecedented expansion in US correctional populations. Between 1980 and 2013, the prison incarceration rate increased nearly 3.5 times, the jail incarceration rate increased by nearly three times, while the community correction supervision rate (numbers of people on probation or parole per 100,000) increased by 2.6 times. By 2013, roughly 3 percent of the adult population in the United States was under some form of criminal justice supervision. During this time period, the United States transitioned from a nation with an incarceration rate slightly higher than that of western European nations to the nation with the highest incarceration rate in the world.These two coinciding trends present a provocative contrast, illustrating the conflicting manner in which changes in crime and punishment over the past few decades have impacted socioeconomic inequality in the United States. As we will

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Public Safety through Private Action: An Economic Assessment of BIDS

Cited by 145 publications

References 27 publications

Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature

Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature

Restoring paradise in the Caribbean: combatting violence with numbers

Crime, the Criminal Justice System, and Socioeconomic Inequality

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