Public practice regarding disposal of unused medicines in Ireland

Vellinga, Akke; Cormican, Sarah; Driscoll, Jacqueline; Furey, Michelle; O’Sullivan, Mai; Cormican, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.085

Cited by 119 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The disposal habits of local consumers were somewhat similar to other countries. 10,28,29 Although drug disposal is thought to play a minor, perhaps insignificant, role in environmental contamination, research has only begun to ascertain the extent and characteristics of the contaminants derived from the same. 18,30,31 Most respondents denied ever receiving information about medicine disposal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Husain¹,

Farooq²,

Khan³

et al. 2017

TPMJ

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ABSTRACT… Introduction: Due to irresponsible and unsafe methods of drug disposal employed by consumers pharmaceutical waste enters the ecosystem, ultimately having a detrimental effect on both human health and environment. Objectives: The purpose of the study is to measure attitude and practice of local community in Karachi, Pakistan regarding safe disposal of unwanted medicines and assess willingness of participants to take part in a medicationtake-back program. Study Design: A two-phase observational study was conducted using convenience sampling. Period: January to February, 2016. Methodology: In Phase I (n = 200) students enrolled in various health sciences institutions in the study were asked to take part in the survey. In Phase II(n = 300) household consumers were contacted by telephone and social media. Results: Participants (response rate 84.4%) were given a questionnaire to explore their attitudes towards medicine disposal. More than half of the consumers surveyed reported storing unused/expired medications in their homes, and majority threw away unwanted medicine in the garbage. The most common reason was unawareness of expiry date (32.7%). Only 12.32% reported returning medication to a pharmacy for disposal. Majority of the consumers had never received advice about medication disposal by a health care provider but were aware of the possible negative consequences and were willing to participate in national pharmacy take-back programs if implemented by the government. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that effective communication and established protocols will promote appropriate disposal practices. Public services in Pakistan, and especially pharmacies, must play a more proactive role in this regard.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Husain¹,

Farooq²,

Khan³

et al. 2017

TPMJ

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“…[8,12,20,21,22] Content validation of the questionnaire was carried out by 5 pharmacists who had experience in running MRP. Questionnaire content was edited according to their feedback.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Ministry of Health Medication Return Programme, Knowledge and Disposal Practice of Unused Medication in Malaysia

Yang¹,

Tan²,

Goh³

et al. 2018

JPPCM

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Objective: (1) To report the awareness on MRP and its utilization rate. (2) To assess environment awareness with regards to improper disposal. (3) To explore practices toward unused medication. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 33 out-patient pharmacies in Sabah healthcare facilities. Quota sampling was used to recruit 244 subjects. Data collector from each facility was identified and trained prior to data collection. Self-reporting questionnaire captured data of socio-demographic, awareness on MRP and patient's knowledge and practice towards unused medication. Independent t-test and chi square test were performed to detect differences and association. Result: Subject mean (SD) age was 45.1(15.5) years and almost two-third (60%) of the subjects were female. Majority (73%, 95%CI 67-78%) knew that inappropriate disposal of medication will cause environmental hazard. Only 54% (95% CI 47-60%) had heard of MRP, 26% (95%CI 21-32%) had utilized MRP to return unused medication.Subject's awareness on environmental hazard and MRP were associated with their practice to return unused medication (p=0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). Mean years of education and median family income were significantly different between the aware and unaware group respectively [11.3(6.0) vs 8.9(4.5) yrs, p=0.003; RM2000 vs RM1260, p<0.001]. The most common unused medication were analgesics (27.1%), antihypertensive (24.4%), antiglycemic (14.7%) and supplements (12%). The two predominant methods to "dispose" unused medication at home were through garbage (47.8%) and return to healthcare facilities (30.0%). Conclusion: This study has established the evidence for public awareness on MRP, environment awareness and disposal practice of Malaysian citizen. Creative and innovative recommendations have been made for MRP promotion and to improve public knowledge on safety disposal of unused medication.

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“…In addition, more spare medications are stored up for any contingency [2]. However, these medications may not be consumed entirely, owing to expiry, condition resolved or symptoms improved, side effects or other reasons [3], resulting in a universal issue of massively unwanted medications (UMs) accumulating in households around the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the European Union (EU) has a directive statement that member states are obligated to ensure appropriate collection systems are in place for unused or expired medicinal products [12,13], this code is applied inconsistently and seems to be unenforced [2]. Numerous studies suggested that the sustainable environmentally appropriate method to dispose of UMs is to return them to the pharmacy [2] or take-back locations [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies suggested that the sustainable environmentally appropriate method to dispose of UMs is to return them to the pharmacy [2] or take-back locations [14]. Nonetheless, households' most common method for disposal of pharmaceuticals is still by garbage and sewage in many countries including the United Kingdom [5], the United States [3,15], Kuwait [16], Lebanon [7], Saudi Arabia [17], and Serbia [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Game Theoretic Analysis of Pricing and Cooperative Advertising in a Reverse Supply Chain for Unwanted Medications in Households

2017

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Improper disposal of household unwanted medications (UMs) is an emergency problem around the world that adversely affects the sustainability of the environment and human's health. However, the current disposal practices, mainly based on advertising and collecting status, are unsatisfactory in most countries and regions. Thus, some scholars proposed an alternative disposal practice that is to provide incentives to customers. This study aims to compare a Single Model (advertising only) with a Joint Model (advertising with take-back pricing) in a two-echelon reverse supply chain (RSC) that is composed of one disposer and one collector. In each model, four games (non-cooperative, collector as the Stackelberg leader, disposer as the Stackelberg leader, and cooperative) were established in order to identify the optimal pricing and advertising strategies for both members. The results of the study indicate that there is a Pareto dominant range for Joint Model compared to Single Model, whereas Single Model has no Pareto improvement in any games. Furthermore, in non-cooperative games of Joint Model, it is better to implement the leader-follower structure rather than simultaneous movement structure. Additionally, it is verified that the cooperative game is feasible, which leads to the cooperation between the disposer and the collector, and the extra profit from the cooperation can be shared based on the Nash bargaining game. However, in Single Model, it is better for the disposer to act as a channel leader and the collector figures the follower.

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Public practice regarding disposal of unused medicines in Ireland

Cited by 119 publications

References 22 publications

Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Utilization of Ministry of Health Medication Return Programme, Knowledge and Disposal Practice of Unused Medication in Malaysia

Game Theoretic Analysis of Pricing and Cooperative Advertising in a Reverse Supply Chain for Unwanted Medications in Households

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