“…Most childcare policy scholars agree that available data have several shortcomings, such as a focus on the public sector, expenditure levels covering multiple services and programmes and variation in what is measured (Fagan and Hebson, 2005; Keck et al, 2009; Lambert, 2008; Mätzke et al, 2017; OECD, 2018; Plantenga and Remery, 2005). Considering these issues, we use multiple sources and single-country reports to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis (Eurostat, 2017; Eurydice, 2018; Multilinks, 2011; OECD, 2017a, 2017b, 2018; Plantenga and Remery, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015).…”