Public Policies and Women's Employment after Childbearing

Han, Wen-Jui; Ruhm, Christopher J.; Washbrook, Elizabeth

doi:10.3386/w14660

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…7 This contrasts starkly with the results for other state family leave laws (most of which extend rights to unpaid leave beyond those in the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act, where the estimated effects are much larger for college-educated and married women than for their less advantaged counterparts (Han et al (2009)). …”

Section: Endnotescontrasting

confidence: 52%

Female labour market outcomes and the impact of maternity leave policies

Low

Sánchez-Marcos

2015

IZA J Labor Econ

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This paper shows how family policies aimed at reconciling the pressures of family and work generate substantial variation in labour market outcomes across developed countries. We use a life-cycle model of female labour supply and savings behaviour, calibrated to the US economy, to assess the effect of introducing to the US a maternity leave policy similar to Scandinavian-type policies. We focus on the impact on gender differences in participation and in wages. We distinguish between the effect of the job protection offered by maternity leave and the effect of income replacement. Job protection leads to substantial increases in participation of mothers with children under 6, but with little long term effects. The effects on wages are minimal, with negative selection effects offsetting the reduced human capital depreciation. Income replacement has a limited impact on participation or wages.

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Section: Endnotescontrasting

confidence: 52%

Female labour market outcomes and the impact of maternity leave policies

Low

Sánchez-Marcos

2015

IZA J Labor Econ

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“…Once they reached early childhood, however, those children were more likely to attend ECEC, supporting the idea that paid leave does not compromise parents' attachment to the job market in the longer term (Han et al 2009). In Norway, in addition to the 42-to 52-week paid parental leave for working parents, a lump sum was provided to non-working mothers.…”

Section: Participation In Ecec Servicesmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Both countries also guaranteed ECEC places for children whose parent returned to work or training. Such welfare-to-work policies generally increase employment and the use of ECEC (Bloom and Michalopoulos 2001;Han et al 2009;Meyers et al 2002). We hypothesized that this policy would be associated with a higher rate of ECEC use among single-parent families in both countries.…”

Section: Child and Family Policies Ecec Use And Socioeconomic Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous comparative studies have found that mothers of young children are more likely to be employed in countries with more generous parental leave policies (Gornick et al 1998). Although generous maternity leave decreases maternal employment shortly after the child's birth, it increases employment in the medium term as it helps ensure job continuity (Han et al 2009). We hypothesized that rates of ECEC use would be related to the length of the available paid maternity leave such that participation would be lower in the Canadian and Norwegian studies in infancy (i.e., before the end of available paid maternity leave), but not during early childhood.…”

Section: Child and Family Policies Ecec Use And Socioeconomic Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Who uses early childhood education and care services? Comparing socioeconomic selection across five western policy contexts

Petitclerc

Côté

Doyle

et al. 2017

ICEP

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Growing evidence suggests that children's participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC), especially center-based services, is associated with positive outcomes, particularly for children over one year of age and children of low socioeconomic backgrounds. This signals an important opportunity for reducing socioeconomic disparities in young children's development. Many western countries have adopted policies to encourage maternal employment, facilitate ECEC service use, or both, often focusing on disadvantaged families. Yet few studies to date have tested the impact of these policies for reducing socioeconomic selection into ECEC. This study integrates data from five cohorts of children living in different western, high-income countries (UK, USA, Netherlands, Canada, and Norway; total N = 21,437). We compare participation rates and socioeconomic selection into ECEC across the different policy contexts in infancy (5-9 months) and early childhood (36-41 months). Policy environments where parents had access to at least 6 months of paid maternity/parental leave had lower ECEC participation in infancy but higher participation in early childhood. Higher participation rates were also associated with universal ECEC subsidies (i.e., not targeted to low-income families). In general, low income, low maternal education and having more than one child were associated with reduced use of ECEC. Selection effects related to low income and number of children were reduced in countries with universal ECEC subsidies when out-of-pocket fees were income-adjusted or reduced for subsequent children, respectively. Most socioeconomic selection effects were reduced in Norway, the only country to invest more than 1% of its GDP into early childhood. Nevertheless, low maternal education was consistently associated with reduced use of ECEC services across all countries. Among families using services however, there were few selection effects for the type of ECEC setting (center-based vs. non-center-based), particularly in early childhood. In sum, this comparative study suggests wide variations in ECEC participation that can be linked to the policy context, and highlights key policy elements which may reduce socioeconomic disparities in ECEC use.

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“…While there is data on employment after leave (Han et al 2009), and some on impact of legislation on leave taking (Han and Waldfogel 2003), there is little research and no national data on organizational support to leave take-up. Haas et al (2002) indicate, on the basis of a Swedish survey that while Swedish companies are rather "father-friendly", few of them have actually undergone important changes in corporate policy or practice in order to make the work environment more supportive of active fatherhood.…”

Section: Parental Leave and Organizational Support For Work-life Balancementioning

confidence: 97%

Parental Leave: An Important Employee Right, But an Organizational Challenge

Tremblay

Genin

2011

Employ Respons Rights J

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While parental leave is considered an important right for employees, its application in different work environments is not always straightforward. It is worthwhile to study the implementation in the workplace of the parental leave policy introduced in Québec, especially since this policy has unique characteristics not found anywhere else in North America. We chose to carry out our study in a metropolitan police service. Our results, both quantitative and qualitative, outline significant differences between the perception of all types of parental leave by respondents who have already taken it up and those who have not yet done so. Analysis of these differences brings to light the fact that formal support is not enough: management needs to make sure that employees really feel supported by their work environment when they taking up leave and that they do not feel that they have to pay for it in terms of career opportunities or advancement.

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Public Policies and Women's Employment after Childbearing

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Female labour market outcomes and the impact of maternity leave policies

Female labour market outcomes and the impact of maternity leave policies

Who uses early childhood education and care services? Comparing socioeconomic selection across five western policy contexts

Parental Leave: An Important Employee Right, But an Organizational Challenge

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