Public places after smoke-free—A qualitative exploration of the changes in smoking behaviour

Changes in smoking behavior among college students following implementation of a strict campus smoking policy in Taiwan

“…The physical surrounding also mattered, because the occasional staring of schoolmates made it more difficult to enjoy the cigarettes. This is consistent with the studies suggesting that the environmental constraints contributed to the reshaping of individual social cognitions and the social norms of unacceptability of public smoking (Ritchie et al 2010).…”

Does smoke-free legislation and smoking outside bars increase feelings of stigmatization among smokers? Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey

“…Smoke-free legislation also indirectly communicates that smoking is not socially acceptable and may therefore contribute to the denormalization of smoking (Hammond et al, 2006, Ritchie et al, 2010a. Consequently, a possible unintended consequence of smoke-free legislation is that continuing smokers may experience increased feelings of stigmatization.…”

“…Because smoke-free legislation physically separates smokers from non-smokers by requiring smokers to smoke outside, it has been suggested that smoke-free legislation may increase feelings of stigmatization (Gottlieb et al, 1992). Several qualitative studies found that smoke-free legislation in workplaces and public places is associated with feelings of stigmatization (Gottlieb et al, 1992;Hargreaves et al, 2010;Poland, 1998;Ritchie et al, 2010a, 2010band Thompson et al, 2007. In these studies, smokers report that they feel 'like a leper' (Ritchie et al, 2010b), 'an outcast' (Thompson et al, 2007), or 'ashamed' (Baha and Le Faou, 2010) when they have to go outside to smoke.…”

The re-shaping of the life-world: male British Bangladeshi smokers and the English smoke-free legislation

“…However, little is known about the impact of smokefree laws on particular groups and communities. Recent studies which explored the social context of smoking after the introduction of smoke-free legislation in Scotland and England found that changes in smoking behaviour were widespread, most prominently in disadvantaged localities (Hargreaves et al 2010, Ritchie et al 2010. Differences in impact with regard to ethnicity, age and sex have also been highlighted (Lock et al 2010).…”

“…The interviews and focus groups explored smoking behaviour in a range of settings such as the home and the workplace, as well as in the context of family and social relationships; and understanding of 'second-hand smoke' and knowledge and attitudes to the forthcoming legislation. In addition, panel informants were asked to describe in detail about their smoking behaviour during a typical 24-hour period using an adapted version of the 'life grid' (Ritchie et al 2010).…”