Pu-erh tea and theabrownin ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice via potential microbiota-gut-liver-brain interactions

Theabrownin as a Potential Prebiotic Compound Regulates Lipid Metabolism via the Gut Microbiota, Microbiota-Derived Metabolites, and Hepatic FoxO/PPAR Signaling Pathways

“…Finally, the resulting precipitate underwent deproteinization using the Sevag method before being freeze-dried to obtain theabrownin. The purity of theabrownin was determined to be 70.82% using a recognized system approach with minor modification, closely matching a previous report of 68.50% . Further analyses confirmed the presence of polyphenols (10.77%), flavonoids (7.94%), carbohydrates (22.95%), and proteins (5.20%), aligning with prior studies characterizing theabrownin as a macromolecular polyphenolic polymer containing polysaccharides and proteins. ,, …”

“…Theabrownin used in this study had been previously purified and identified in a prior publication by our research group . Theabrownin was prepared through a multistep extraction and purification process, following a well-established method previously reported. − Briefly, Pingwu Fuzhuan brick tea (theabrownin content: 9.64%) obtained from the Sichuan Pingwu Xuebaoding Tea Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. was ground and pre-extracted using anhydrous ethanol for 12 h. The tea residue was collected and extracted with ultrapure water in a ratio of 1:15 (m/v) at 70 °C for 3 h. The extracting solution was collected via vacuum suction filtration and concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 60 °C. Then, it was precipitated with 3-fold volume of anhydrous ethanol followed by filtration under reduced pressure.…”

“…Theabrownin increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Clostridiales bacterium 42_27 , Blautia coccoides , and Firmicutes bacterium ASF500 , while suppressing harmful bacteria like Brevundimonas vesicularis. These effects influenced hepatic circadian rhythm genes ( Npas2 , Clock , Arntl , Cry1 , Per3 , Per2 , and Bhlhe40 ) and regulated glycerophospholipid and linoleic acid metabolism in serum and brain tissue, ultimately ameliorating metabolic syndrome . This diversity in these findings underscores the complexity and multifaceted nature of the relationship between theabrownins and gut microbiota and their impact on host lipid metabolism.…”

“…These effects influenced hepatic circadian rhythm genes (Npas2, Clock, Arntl, Cry1, Per3, Per2, and Bhlhe40) and regulated glycerophospholipid and linoleic acid metabolism in serum and brain tissue, ultimately ameliorating metabolic syndrome. 20 This diversity in these findings underscores the complexity and multifaceted nature of the relationship between theabrownins and gut microbiota and their impact on host lipid metabolism. The discrepancies in the sources and dosages of theabrownin used in animal experiments may contribute to the variations in research outcomes.…”

Postfermented Tea Extract Potently Alleviates Glucose Metabolism Disorders In Vitro and In Vivo

“…Interestingly, during the microbial fermentation procedure, the catechins and their gallate derivatives are oxidized to intricate phenolic tea pigments such as TFs, TRs, and TBs . Numerous recent studies have shown that TB could ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice. − In the present study, we found that postfermented tea extracts exert antidiabetic properties in TNF-α-treated C2C12 cells by glucose uptake assay; both high dosages of TPTE and OPTE increased the uptake of 2-NDBG compared to TNF-α significantly. The levels of IRS, PI3K, and Akt that had been phosphorylated increased with TPTE and OPTE treatment, suggesting that TPTE and OPTE bioactive compounds can have an antidiabetic effect by stimulating the IRS/PI3K/Akt pathways and boosting GLU2 and GLU4 expressions.…”