PTSD and the role of spontaneous elaborative “nonmemories”.

Abstract

Following a traumatic experience, people often experience involuntary cognitions—that is, spontaneously occurring thoughts, memories, or images. Although trauma victims commonly experience involuntary memories, they also experience involuntary nonmemories, a subset of which are elaborative (i.e., cognitions about event details that did not actually occur). These cognitions may help to maintain posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology by contributing to an ongoing sense of current threat. However, it is unclear whether trauma-exposed people with PTSD are more prone to elaborative nonmemories about past trauma than healthy, trauma-exposed people. Further, the experience of elaborative nonmemories has largely been overlooked by previous researchers. Our objective in the current study was to address both of these gaps in the literature. A large sample of adults in the United States (N = 393) described recent involuntary cognitions about their most traumatic experience and rated them on various characteristics (e.g., vividness and distress). Participants also completed several measures of psychopathology, including PTSD symptoms. Two independent raters blind to our hypotheses later coded cognition descriptions according to their content. Although memories were predominant, 18.8% of cognitions were nonmemories, which commonly involved imagination of new event details, and were more frequent among probable-PTSD participants than non PTSD participants. Critically, memories and nonmemories were indistinguishable for many phenomenological characteristics, including vividness and associated distress. Our findings suggest that PTSD may be characterized by involuntary elaborative nonmemories that are largely indistinguishable from memories in terms of their phenomenological experience.

Use of Virtual Reality as a Tool to Overcome the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder of Pensioners

“…This knowledge can help to keep PTSD symptomology by contributing to an ongoing feeling of the present menace. It is unclear if people who were exposed to a past traumatic event with PTSD are more susceptible to nonmemories than people who are healthy without PTSD but who were also exposed to a past traumatic event [12].…”

A taxonomy of intrusive mental images in clinical disorders: what can “non-veridical” images tell us about the nature of human memory?

“…Krans et al (2015) distinguish between involuntary memories and non-memories (daydreams, ruminations, worst-case scenarios, imagined future events, and hypothetical reconstructions or filling gaps in one's knowledge about an event) in everyday life. Other researchers (Oulton et al, 2018;Reynolds & Brewin, 1998) have conceptualised non-memories as encompassing elaborative cognitions which are plausible but do not reflect experience and evaluative cognitions which are about blame, responsibility, or the impact of an experience. Despite the distinctions above, to date no one has proposed a comprehensive taxonomy of intrusive images.…”