Psychrotrophic strains of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> producing enterotoxin

Netten, P. van; Moosdijk, A. van de; Hoensel, P. van; Mossel, D. À. A.; Perales, Ildefonso

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02913.x

Cited by 170 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In a first systematic approach we compared enterotoxin gene expression of a representative B. cereus strain set. Previous studies compared enterotoxin expression in single B. cereus strains under varying growth temperature (Van Netten et al, 1990 ; Fermanian et al, 1997 ; Rejasse et al, 2012 ), oxygen availability (Duport et al, 2004 ; Van Der Voort and Abee, 2009 ), lowered oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) (Duport et al, 2006 ; Zigha et al, 2007 ; Esbelin et al, 2009 ) and differing availability of nutrients, for instance sugars (Ouhib et al, 2006 ; Ouhib-Jacobs et al, 2009 ). In our study, quantification of nheB and hblD mRNA levels at early exponential and late exponential growth phase/transition phase by qRT-PCR revealed highly strain-dependent variations in toxin gene transcript levels and transcription efficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From genome to toxicity: a combinatory approach highlights the complexity of enterotoxin production in Bacillus cereus

et al. 2015

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In recent years Bacillus cereus has gained increasing importance as a food poisoning pathogen. It is the eponymous member of the B. cereus sensu lato group that consists of eight closely related species showing impressive diversity of their pathogenicity. The high variability of cytotoxicity and the complex regulatory network of enterotoxin expression have complicated efforts to predict the toxic potential of new B. cereus isolates. In this study, comprehensive analyses of enterotoxin gene sequences, transcription, toxin secretion and cytotoxicity were performed. For the first time, these parameters were compared in a whole set of B. cereus strains representing isolates of different origin (food or food poisoning outbreaks) and of different toxic potential (enteropathogenic and apathogenic) to elucidate potential starting points of strain-specific differential toxicity. While toxin gene sequences were highly conserved and did not allow for differentiation between high and low toxicity strains, comparison of nheB and hblD enterotoxin gene transcription and Nhe and Hbl protein titers revealed not only strain-specific differences but also incongruence between toxin gene transcripts and toxin protein levels. With one exception all strains showed comparable capability of protein secretion and so far, no secretion patterns specific for high and low toxicity strains were identified. These results indicate that enterotoxin expression is more complex than expected, possibly involving the orchestrated interplay of different transcriptional regulator proteins, as well as posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulatory mechanisms plus additional influences of environmental conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From genome to toxicity: a combinatory approach highlights the complexity of enterotoxin production in Bacillus cereus

et al. 2015

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“…B. cereus is ubiquitous in soil, rive, spices, milk, and vegetables and on human skin [4]. In a previous study on the microbiological quality of fresh vegetables, the most frequent foodborne prevalence and characteristics of psychrotolerant B. cereus strains from foodstuff such as milk, dairy products, and chilled food [17,18,24]. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the presence and toxigenic characteristics of B. cereus strains, especially psychrotolerant B. cereus strains in green leaf lettuce as an example of leafy vegetables distributed in cold chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterotoxin Genes, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation of Low-Temperature-Tolerant Bacillus cereus Isolated from Green Leaf Lettuce in the Cold Chain

Park

Kim

Jeong

et al. 2020

Foods

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The prevalence and characteristics of low-temperature-tolerant Bacillus cereus (psychrotolerant B. cereus) in green leaf lettuce collected during cold chain were investigated. Among the 101 isolated B. cereus samples, only 18 were capable of growth at 7 °C, and these isolates shared potential health hazard characteristics with mesophilic isolates. Most psychrotolerant B. cereus isolates contained various combinations of nheA, nheB, nheC, hblA, hblA, hblC, hblD, cytK, and entFM. Most isolates of psychrotolerant B. cereus possessed at least two enterotoxin genes and 28% of isolates harbored tested nine enterotoxin genes. Additionally, the psychrotolerant B. cereus isolates showed resistance to tetracycline and rifampin and intermediate levels of resistance to clindamycin. A total of 23% of isolates among psychrotolerant B. cereus displayed a high level of biofilm formation at 7 °C than at 10 °C or 30 °C. The results of this study indicate that cold distribution and storage for green leaf lettuce may fail to maintain food safety due to the presence of enterotoxigenic, antibiotic-resistant, and strong biofilm forming psychrotolerant B. cereus isolates, which therefore poses a potential health risk to the consumer. Our findings provide the first account of the prevalence and characteristics of psychrotolerant B. cereus isolated from green leaf lettuce during cold storage, suggesting a potential hazard of psychrotolerant B. cereus isolates to public health and the food industry.

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“…A reverse passive latex bead agglutination (RPLA) test kit produced by Oxoid was employed in this work to detect B. cereus diarrhoeagenic toxin. The kit has been previously used by others (Van Netten et al 1990;Griffiths, 1990). Van Netten et al (1990, while showing that strains producing diarrhoea in food poisoning outbreaks were also found positive in the RPLA test, commented that the specificity of the RPLA kit was not confirmed by other means.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A psychrotrophic strain of B. cereus (HRM 44), which is held in the Hannah Research Institute culture collection and which was previously found by Griffiths (1990) to be toxigenic, was used throughout. Diarrhoeagenic toxin was detected using a latex bead immunoassay from Oxoid Ltd (Basingstoke RG24 OPW; Griffiths, 1990;Van Netten et al 1990). Results were reported as a reciprocal titre, which is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of sample giving a positive result in the assay.…”

Section: Bacterial Strain and Toxin Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin production byBacillus cereusin dairy products

Sutherland

1993

Journal of Dairy Research

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SummarySpores of a known toxigenic and psychrotrophic dairy isolate ofBacillus cereus(HRM 44) were unable to grow and produce diarrhoeagenic toxin at 6 °C in creams and dairy-based products. These findings suggest that the production ofB. cereusdiarrhoeagenic toxin is unlikely to occur in creams and dairy-based products maintained within the cold chain. Growth and toxin production were readily demonstrated in creams and some desserts stored at 21 °C. Growth in creams was associated with obvious spoilage. However, in the flavoured desserts, spoilage was not always obvious before significant growth ofB. cereusand toxin production had occurred. Dairy desserts with high sugar content and/or low pH did not support toxin production and these findings are discussed.

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Psychrotrophic strains of Bacillus cereus producing enterotoxin

Cited by 170 publications

References 10 publications

From genome to toxicity: a combinatory approach highlights the complexity of enterotoxin production in Bacillus cereus

From genome to toxicity: a combinatory approach highlights the complexity of enterotoxin production in Bacillus cereus

Enterotoxin Genes, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation of Low-Temperature-Tolerant Bacillus cereus Isolated from Green Leaf Lettuce in the Cold Chain

Toxin production byBacillus cereusin dairy products

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