Psychosocial treatments for nightmares in adults and children: a systematic review

Abstract

Background As nightmares may be a risk factor for, or symptom of, multiple psychological disorders, some researchers suggest that nightmares should be screened, diagnosed, and treated. Treatments for nightmares include trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Image Rehearsal Therapy, and pharmacological interventions such as prazosin and nitrazepam. As recent research has put into question our current understanding of treatment efficacy, there is a need to systematically review findings related to the effectiveness of nightmare treatments to inform best practice. The current review assessed the efficacy of psychosocial treatments of nightmare in all cohorts. Methods A systematic search of four databases for peer reviewed journal articles from 2000 onwards produced 69 (35 RCTs, 34 non-RCTs) eligible articles that underwent narrative synthesis. Results The results provide strong evidence for exposure and image rehearsal treatments for the reduction of nightmare frequency, severity, and distress, in civilian, military, idiopathic, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cohorts. There is emerging evidence that self-guided and brief treatment modalities offer efficient and effective treatment options. There is an urgent need for clinical trials of treatment effectiveness in children. Conclusions The results suggest that treatments for nightmares are most effective when they facilitate a sense of control or mastery by directly targeting the nightmare content and/or the client’s emotional responses to the nightmare content. Trial registration A review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020204861).

Intentionally awakening from sleep through lucid dreaming

“…In the current study, we observed that higher lucid dream skills were related to reduced negative emotions in dreams. This observation is consistent with accumulating evidence suggesting that "mastery" over dream content is a critical therapeutic mechanism in Image Rehearsal Therapy (Germain et al, 2004;Gill et al, 2023;Rousseau & Belleville, 2018). For example, an increase in dream control -but not awareness -was linked to a reduction in nightmare distress in a sample of military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (Harb et al, 2016).…”