Psychosis and synthetic cannabinoids

Deng, Huiqiong; Verrico, Christopher D.; Kosten, Thomas R.; Nielsen, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.012

Cited by 51 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…The in vitro activity of compounds 4 and 7-17 at CB 1 and CB 2 were compared to known agonist CP 55,940 (3) using a FLIPR assay (summary of results displayed in Table 1, n = 5 or more independent experiments) following the same methodology as that previously reported [5][6][7][8]. Previously identified SCs APICA (4) and APINACA (7) showed moderate potency at both hCB 1 (EC 50 = 109 and 142 nM, respectively) and hCB 2 (EC 50 = 56 and 141 nM, respectively), with 4 showing a similar preference for activating CB 2 , as previously reported [29].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, SCs have become one of the most prominent classes of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) [1]. Because of the limited understanding of their pharmacological effects, these compounds have caused a number of unpredictable adverse events, posing a major risk to public health [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The rate at which new chemical entities are appearing, along with the plethora of potential substitution patterns, has made it virtually impossible for law enforcement agencies to stay ahead of newly appearing SCs (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New-generation azaindole-adamantyl-derived synthetic cannabinoids

et al. 2019

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Purpose This work reports the synthesis and pharmacological and analytical data for a new series of recently identified azaindole-adamantyl-derived synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). Methods Each SC was synthesised using an efficient and divergent synthesis, and assessed by electron ionisation mass spectrometry (EIMS). The cannabimimetic activity of each compound was conducted using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) assay. Results The described EIMS method and retention time by gas chromatography were able to effectively differentiate each of the analogues regardless of the bicyclic core. For the first time in these SC structures, the bicyclic ring system was shown to have an impact on the cannabimimetic activities in the fluorometric assay of membrane potential. Analogues ranged from moderately potent at both CB 1 and CB 2 (e.g., AP4AIC EC 50 = 160 nM and EC 50 = 64 nM, respectively) to not active at either cannabinoid receptor (AP4AICA, AP5AICA, and APIC). Conclusions Further investigation into receptor selectivity surrounding these bicyclic cores could prove useful for future therapeutic applications. Keywords Synthetic cannabinoid • Azaindole • Adamantyl • CB 1 and CB 2 • APICA • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New-generation azaindole-adamantyl-derived synthetic cannabinoids

et al. 2019

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“…However, similar proportions of young people perceived daily use of synthetic cannabis and daily cannabis smoking to be “high risk”. This is a concern given the serious acute health effects of synthetic cannabis use, particularly given their “legal” status in many jurisdictions and widespread consumer confusion about these products [ 29 – 31 , 60 , 61 ]. Focused attention should be given to highlighting and detailing the risks associated with synthetic cannabinoid that dwarf existing known risks associated with combusted cannabis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic cannabis is the term given to mixtures of synthetic compounds marketed as “herbal” mixtures (e.g., Spice, K2m, Mamba, Afghan Incense) that activate cannabinoid receptors. They are the largest, fastest-growing, and most diversified new psychoactive substances which have been observed to precipitate acute psychotic symptoms, fatal poisonings, acute myocardial infarction, delusions, renal dysfunction, among other effects [ 29 – 31 ]. Synthetic cannabinoid use among youth is an emerging phenomenon in North America, approximately 3% of young Canadians in Grades 7 to 12 have reported its use, and 12% of their American counterparts have reported the same; the Canadian Centre for Substance Abuse identified this as a substance of concern as early as 2014 [ 2 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis health knowledge and risk perceptions among Canadian youth and young adults

et al. 2020

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Background: Although recreational cannabis is now legal in Canada, little empirical evidence exists regarding young Canadians' cannabis literacy, cannabis-related risk perceptions, and risk of different forms of cannabis or the effect that public health education may have on these perceptions. The present study sought to address these knowledge gaps to examine health knowledge and risk perceptions associated with cannabis use. Methods: An online survey was conducted with a national sample (N = 870) of Canadians aged 16 to 30 years in October 2017 using a commercial panel. The study examined young Canadians' awareness of negative health effects related to cannabis, evaluation of known risks, and risk perceptions of different forms of administration. Results: Most respondents were aware of a cannabis-related physical health effect (78.0%). Approximately one-third reported having been exposed to public health messaging about cannabis; digital media was reported most frequently. Compared to never users, ever users were less likely to report general likelihood of addiction (p < 0.001) and harm to mental health (p < 0.001). Approximately one-quarter of past 3-month cannabis users reported they were at least "a little" addicted. Respondents who reported using a particular form of cannabis self-administration (e.g., edibles, smokables) were less likely to perceive harm than those who did not use each form (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The current study is among the first to measure the knowledge and perceptions of risks of Canadian youth about cannabis. The study, conducted in the time immediately preceding legalization, may serve as a reference point for future studies examining changes in cannabis knowledge and risk perceptions. This will be important in addressing the need for monitoring and enhancing public awareness of the impact and potential harms of this newly legalized substance.

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“…After confirming first mentions of specific compounds, we then cataloged all 79 compounds into common classifications guided by previous publications and government reports. Specifically, we ensured that every drug examined had previously been classified into one of the following classes: 2C‐x (King, Nutt, & Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, ; Shulgin & Shulgin, ; U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division, ; Yu et al, ), DOx (Shulgin & Shulgin, ), NBOMe (U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division, ), other phenethylamines (Greene, ; King et al, ; Shulgin & Shulgin, ), synthetic cathinones (McGraw & McGraw, ; Power et al, ; Prosser & Nelson, ; U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division, ), tryptamines (Glennon et al, ; Shulgin & Shulgin, ; U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division, ; van Hout & Hearne, ), synthetic cannabinoids (Deng, Verrico, Kosten, & Nielsen, ; U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division, ), dissociatives (arylcyclohexylamines; Berquist et al, ; De Paoli, Brandt, Wallach, Archer, & Pounder, ), lysergamides (Brandt et al, ; Brandt et al, ; Brandt et al, ; Klinke, Muller, Steffenrud, & Dahl‐Sørensen, ), and piperazines (U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division, ). 2C, DOx, NBOMe, and other phenethylamines were further classified into an overall phenethylamine class as per the cited studies.…”

Section: Drug Use Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of new and uncommon synthetic psychoactive drugs among a nationally representative sample in the United States, 2005–2017

Palamar

2019

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objectives: This study aims to examine patterns and first mentions of reported use of new or uncommon drugs across 13 years, among nationally representative samples in the United States.Methods: Participants (ages ≥12) in the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (2005-2017, N = 730,418) were provided opportunities to type in names of new or uncommon drugs they had ever used that were not specifically queried. We examined self-reported use across survey years and determined years of first mentions. Results: From 2005 to 2017, there were 2,343 type-in responses for use of 79 new or uncommon synthetic drugs, and 54 were first-ever mentions of these drugs. The majority (65.8%) of mentions were phenethylamines (e.g., 2C-x, NBOMe), which were also the plurality of new drug mentions (n = 22; 40.7%). Mentions of 2C-x drugs in particular increased from 30 mentions in 2005 to 147 mentions in 2013. We estimate an upward trend in use of new or uncommon drugs between 2005 and 2017 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although type-in responses on surveys are limited and underestimate prevalence of use, such responses can help inform researchers when new compounds are used. Continued surveillance of use of new and uncommon drugs is needed to inform adequate public health response.

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Psychosis and synthetic cannabinoids

Cited by 51 publications

References 123 publications

New-generation azaindole-adamantyl-derived synthetic cannabinoids

New-generation azaindole-adamantyl-derived synthetic cannabinoids

Cannabis health knowledge and risk perceptions among Canadian youth and young adults

Use of new and uncommon synthetic psychoactive drugs among a nationally representative sample in the United States, 2005–2017

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