Psychoses sans Frontieres: towards an interdisciplinary understanding of psychosis risk amongst migrants and their descendants

Dykxhoorn, Jennifer; Kirkbride, James

doi:10.1017/s2045796018000501

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Persisting experience of social exclusion may result in an alteration of biological function, and is thus introduced as a contributing factor [ 46 ]. A recent scoping review mentioned vitamin D deficiency and complications during pregnancy as other possible biological explanations [ 47 ]. Overall, however, it is suggested that post-migration factors are more relevant than pre-migration factors in explaining the increased risk, as it is shown to persist into the second generation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental disorders among young adults of immigrant background: a nationwide register study in Norway

Ekeberg

Abebe

2020

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Purpose Previous research indicates increased risk of various mental disorders in immigrant populations, particularly for schizophrenia and PTSD. However, findings are inconclusive due to variations in contextual factors, characteristics of immigrant groups and study design. Our study aims to investigate prevalence differences of receiving an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis between 2008 and 2016 among four first-generation immigrant groups and one second-generation immigrant group compared to ethnic Norwegians. Methods Linked register data from the Norwegian Patient Registry and Statistics Norway were utilised. The sample (age 18–35) comprises 758,774 ethnic Norwegians, 61,124 immigrants originating from Poland, Somalia, Iran and Pakistan and 4630 s-generation Pakistani immigrants. Age- and gender-adjusted binary logistic regression models were applied. Results The odds of schizophrenia were significantly elevated for all groups except for Poles. The highest odds were observed for second-generation Pakistani immigrants (adjusted OR 2.72, 95% CI 2.21–3.35). For PTSD, the odds were significantly increased for Somalis (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.54), second-generation Pakistani immigrants (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.11–1.70), and in particular for Iranians (aOR 3.99, 95% CI 3.51–4.54). While Iranians showed similar or higher odds of receiving the vast majority of psychiatric diagnoses, the remaining groups showed lower or similar odds compared to ethnic Norwegians. Conclusion Our findings suggest considerable prevalence differences in receiving a psychiatric diagnosis according to country of origin and generational status compared to ethnic Norwegian controls. The general pattern was lower prevalence of most ICD-10 mental disorders for the majority of immigrant groups compared to ethnic Norwegians, except for schizophrenia and PTSD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental disorders among young adults of immigrant background: a nationwide register study in Norway

Ekeberg

Abebe

2020

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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“…Several previous reviews, including our own, have considered the evidence for a range of putative causal factors that may contribute to ethnic variations.…”

Section: Candidate Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration, ethnicity and psychoses: evidence, models and future directions

2019

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There is a large body of research reporting high rates of psychotic disorders among many migrant and minority ethnic groups, particularly in Northern Europe. In the context of increasing migration and consequent cultural diversity in many places worldwide, these findings are a major social and public health concern. In this paper, we take stock of the current state of the art, reviewing evidence on variations in rates of psychoses and putative explanations, including relevant theories and models. We discuss in particular: a) the wide variation in reported rates of psychotic disorders by ethnic group, and b) the evidence implicating social risks to explain this variation, at ecological and individual levels. We go on to set out our proposed socio-developmental model, that posits greater exposure to systemic social risks over the life course, particularly those involving threat, hostility and violence, to explain high rates of psychoses in some migrant and minority ethnic groups. Based on this analysis, the challenge of addressing this social and public health issue needs to be met at multiple levels, including social policy, community initiatives, and mental health service reform.

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“…Studies have indeed indicated that immigrants, especially refugees, have a greater risk of developing some mental illnesses than native populations [1,[3][4][5][6]. In many countries, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorders have been more common among immigrants than native populations [3][4][5]7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigrants’ mental health service use compared to that of native Finns: a register study

Kieseppä

Holm

Jokela

et al. 2019

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Purpose Many aspects related to migration might predispose immigrants to mental health problems. Yet immigrants have been shown to underuse mental health services. The aim of this study was to compare the intensity of psychiatric care, as an indicator of treatment adequacy, between natives and immigrants living in Finland. Methods We used nationwide register data that included all the immigrants living in Finland at the end of 2010 (n = 185,605) and their matched controls. Only those who had used mental health services were included in the analyses (n = 14,285). We used multinomial logistic regression to predict the categorized treatment intensity by immigrant status, region and country of origin, length of residence, and other background variables. Results Immigrants used mental health services less than Finnish controls and with lower intensity. The length of residence in Finland increased the probability of higher treatment intensity. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Northern Africa were at the highest risk of receiving low-intensity treatment. Conclusions Some immigrant groups seem to persistently receive less psychiatric treatment than Finnish-born controls. Identification of these groups is important and future research is needed to determine the mechanisms behind these patterns.

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Psychoses sans Frontieres: towards an interdisciplinary understanding of psychosis risk amongst migrants and their descendants

Cited by 20 publications

References 86 publications

Mental disorders among young adults of immigrant background: a nationwide register study in Norway

Mental disorders among young adults of immigrant background: a nationwide register study in Norway

Migration, ethnicity and psychoses: evidence, models and future directions

Immigrants’ mental health service use compared to that of native Finns: a register study

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