Psychophysics of Remembering

White, K. Geoffrey; Wixted, John T.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1999.71-91

Cited by 83 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with those from most DMTS experiments, where there is a decrement in accuracy as the time delay increases. The decay function has also been called the ''forgetting function'' (or retention function) (30)(31)(32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual working memory in decision making by honey bees

Zhang

Bock

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

140

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The robustness and plasticity of working memory were investigated in honey bees by using a delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) paradigm. The findings are summarized as follows: first, performance in the DMTS task decreases as the duration between the presentation of the sample stimulus and the presentation of the comparison stimuli is increased. This decrease is well approximated by an exponential decay function. Performance is significantly better than random-choice level even at delays as long as 5 sec and is reduced to random-choice levels at an average delay time of 8.68 ؎ 0.06 sec. Second, when the DMTS task involves two samples (one relevant, the other irrelevant), bees can be trained to learn to use the relevant sample to perform the task if (i) the relevant sample is always at a fixed position, or (ii) the relevant sample always has the same place in the sequence of presentation (always first or always second). Bees that have learned to use the relevant sample and to ignore the irrelevant sample can generalize this learning, and apply it to novel sets of sample and comparison stimuli that they have never previously encountered. The findings point to a remarkably robust, and yet plastic, working memory in the honey bee.honey bee learning ͉ matching-to-sample ͉ maze ͉ tunnel

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual working memory in decision making by honey bees

Zhang

Bock

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

140

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“…A version of the Thurstone model has been used to study memory (White & Wixted, 1999). Davison and Nevin (1999) have used a similar logistic model to develop a general theory of the relations among responses stimuli and reinforcers.…”

Section: Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

The arithmetic of discounting

Killeen

2014

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Most current models of delay discounting multiply the nominal value of a good whose receipt is delayed, by a discount factor that is some function of that delay. This article reviews the logic of a theory that discounts the utility of delayed goods by adding the utility of the good to the disutility of the delay. In limiting cases it approaches other familiar models, such as hyperbolic discounting. In nonlimit cases it makes different predictions, generally requiring, inter alia, a magnitude effect when the value of goods is varied. A different theory is proposed for conditioning experiments. In it utility is computed as the average reinforcing strength of the stimuli that signal the delay. Both theories are extended to experiments in which degree of preference is measured, rather than adjustment to iso‐utility values.

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“…Following training with no delay, to induce errors, delays were inserted between the offset of the sample and the onset of the comparison stimuli. If, in the absence of memory for the sample, the probability of reinforcement associated with each of the comparisons controlled comparison choice, as predicted by White and Wixted (1999), the retention functions should have been similar in slope. On the other hand, if under these conditions comparison choice is controlled by the probability of reinforcement given a response there should be a bias to choose the green comparison.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The typical finding is that as the delay increases, memory for the sample declines and matching accuracy declines to near chance levels. If over trials the two samples are presented equally often and the two comparison stimuli are correct equally often, one would expect that the slopes of the retention functions would decline similarly with increasing delay (see Grant 1991;White and Wixted, 1999). Stated differently, as sample memory decreases with increasing delay, pigeons should choose comparisons on the basis of the relative probability with which they had been reinforced in training (McCarthy andDavison, 1980, 1991;White and Wixted, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If over trials the two samples are presented equally often and the two comparison stimuli are correct equally often, one would expect that the slopes of the retention functions would decline similarly with increasing delay (see Grant 1991;White and Wixted, 1999). Stated differently, as sample memory decreases with increasing delay, pigeons should choose comparisons on the basis of the relative probability with which they had been reinforced in training (McCarthy andDavison, 1980, 1991;White and Wixted, 1999). In support of this hypothesis, White (2001) has shown that when the conditional probability of reinforcement is varied as a function of the delay, pigeons are sensitive to this change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Matching-to-sample by pigeons: The dissociation of comparison choice frequency from the probability of reinforcement

Zentall¹,

Singer²,

Miller³

2008

Behavioural Processes

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It has been proposed that comparison choice in matching-to-sample should depend on two factors, the relative probability of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli and the conditional probability of each comparison stimulus being correct given presentation of one of the samples. DiGian and Zentall (in press) have shown that sample frequency together with the probability of choosing each of the comparison stimuli in training can influence comparison choice when delays are introduced, when the number of reinforcements associated with each of the comparison stimuli is equated. Furthermore, Clement and Zentall (2002) have found that sample frequency can affect comparison choice when delays are introduced independently of the number of choices of each of the comparison stimuli in training and the number of reinforcements associated with each of the comparison stimuli is equated. In the present experiment we found that the probability of choosing each of the comparison stimuli in training can affect comparison choice when delays are introduced, independently of sample frequency and when the number of reinforcements associated with each of the comparison stimuli is equated. Together, these experiments suggest that when the sample is not available, there is a partial dissociation between comparison choice and the probability of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli.

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Psychophysics of Remembering

Cited by 83 publications

References 47 publications

Visual working memory in decision making by honey bees

Visual working memory in decision making by honey bees

The arithmetic of discounting

Matching-to-sample by pigeons: The dissociation of comparison choice frequency from the probability of reinforcement

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