Psychophysical verification of predicted interaural differences in localizing distant sound sources

Molino, John A.

doi:10.1121/1.1928143

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Although the classic paper by Stevens and Newman (1936) reported that tones around 2,000-4,000 Hz are localized less precisely than tones of lower (or higher) frequency, more recent studies have revealed that this frequency effect is small or negligible, especially in the region around midline (Harris & Sergeant, 1971;Mills, 1958;Molino, 1974;Sandel, Teas, Fedderson, & Jeffress, 1955).…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory motion aftereffects

Grantham

Wightman

1979

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory motion aftereffects

Grantham

Wightman

1979

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Rather than cancelling the effects of the lID with the lTD, as was attempted in the binaural trading ratio experiments, we wanted to determine which value of the lID produced a lateral image with the equivalent location of that produced by an ITO. In order to determine these values, we used a left-right lateral judgment procedure similar to that used by Sayers and Cherry (1957) and Molino (1974). …”

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confidence: 99%

Interaural time vs. interaural intensity in a lateralization paradigm

Yost

Tanis

Nielsen

et al. 1975

Perception & Psychophysics

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In a two-interval lateralization procedure, observers judged whether a stimulus presented with an interaural intensive difference was right or left in lateral space of the same stimulus presented with only an.interaur~l te~poral difference. The stimuli were pure tones of 500 and 1,000 Hz and 1,000-Hzlow-pass noise. All stimuli were presented at both 65 and 55 dB SPL. For each of several values of interaural time (ranging from°to 1,000 microsec across all stimuli), a function was determined which related proportion of "right" re.lativ~p~sition judgments to th~value of the interaural intensive difference. The intercepts of these functions indicated that a progressively smaller amount of interaural intensive difference was required for the two stimuli to occupy a similar lateral location as the interaural temporal difference was increased. The slopes of the function suggested that the images associated with larger values of the interaural temporal differences are less distinct and blend together more than the images associated with sma~value~of the temporal diff~rence. Thu~, the procedu.re provided a means for comparing the lateral location of Images produced by interaural differences of time and intensity.Many investigators have studied how interaural temporal differences (lTD) and interaural intensive differences (110) alone mediate one's ability to lateralize a sound source. Except for investigations of the "binaural trading ratio," however, little research has been devoted to studying the interaction of the ITO and the lID in lateralization. The binaural trading ratio (Green & Henning, 1969) is the ratio of the lTD to the lID when an intensity-displaced image is brought back to midline with an interaural temporal difference. This procedure has been assumed capable of accurately determining the interaction of interaural time and intensity in lateralization.The results of the binaural trading ratio experiments are, however, not easily interpreted. Hafter and Ieffress (1968) showed that, for pure tones, observers often hear two lateral images in the binaural trading ratio experiment: one image associated with the lTD, the other with the lID. Furthermore, they suggested that the wide range of trading ratios reported in the literature are a result of the inability to obtain a "centered image." Hafter and Carrier (1972) and Hershkowitz and Durlach (l969b) demonstrated that, although an observer might report an image at midline, no combination of the lID and the ITO could be obtained which yielded an image indiscriminable from that produced by a tonal stimulus with no interaural differences. Thus, the difficulty in interpreting these binaural trading ratio experiments seems to lie in their procedure which required one "centered image."The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the interaction of interaural time and intensity in a paradigm which avoids the "centered image" problem. Rather than cancelling the effects of the lID with the lTD, as was attempted in the binaural trading ratio experiments, we ...

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Virtual Spatial Sound

Avendaño

Audio Signal Processing for Next-Generation Multimedia Communication Systems

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Keywords:Future tele-collaboration systems need to support seamless spatial sound reproduction to achieve realistic immersion. In this chapter, we present techniques based on binaural signal processing, capable of encoding and rendering sound sources accurately in three-dimensional space using only two recording/playback channels, thus creating the illusion of a virtual source in space. The technique exploits the mechanisms that help to decode spatial information in the auditory system. An overview of the encoding and decoding mechanisms is given and their practical application to the design of virtual spatial sound (VSS) systems is discussed.Binaural Hearing, Binaural Technology, Virtual Sound, Spatial Sound, HRTF, HRIR, Crosstalk Cancellation INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter, we are concerned with the rendering of sound sources in threedimensional space using only two playback channels. We focus our study on a family of techniques based on the synthesis of binaural signals. Given that the human hearing mechanism is binaural, all spatial information available to the listener is encoded within two acoustic signals (i.e. one to each ear). Thus in principle, only two playback channels are necessary and sufficient to realistically render sound sources localized at any point in space. Since the sound is not perceived as coming from any given loudspeaker the technique creates the illusion of a virtual sound source in free space.There are many ways to create the impression that a sound source is located at a given point in space away from the loudspeakers. One familiar example is the playback over two speakers commonly known as stereo reproduction, where a sound source can be positioned within the angle subtended by the loudspeakers by simply manipulating the gains assigned to the source in each channel (i.e. 346Audio Signal Processing amplitude panning). If the desired rendering position of a source is outside of this region, then the angle between speakers needs to be increased or more rendering channels (and corresponding gain reassignments) have to be added. The success of amplitude panning depends highly on the location of the listener with respect to the loudspeakers. The location where amplitude panning (or any other playback technique) is most effective is commonly known as the sweet spot. Another technique, which renders virtual spatial sound accurately and has a large sweet spot, but which requires multiple playback channels is wavefield synthesis. This technique is described in Chapter 12.The advantage of binaural systems over other techniques is that only two playback channels are required, and a virtual sound source can be positioned at any desired point in space with great accuracy. This advantage does not come without difficulties. The binaural signal has to be delivered to the listener's ears with great fidelity to be realistic. Generally headphones are used to render binaural signals, but in some applications this is not practical. As discussed later, techniques using standard stereo loudspeaker se...

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Psychophysical verification of predicted interaural differences in localizing distant sound sources

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Auditory motion aftereffects

Auditory motion aftereffects

Interaural time vs. interaural intensity in a lateralization paradigm

Virtual Spatial Sound

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