Psychopharmacology and the Etiology of Psychopathologic States: Are We Looking in the Right Way?

Katz, Martin Μ.; Maas, James W.

doi:10.1038/npp.1994.16

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A principal component analysis of 104 depressed patients showed that symptoms clustered around three dimensions. These are: a depressed, motorically retarded dimension, an anxious, agitated and somatically aroused dimension and finally a hostile, interpersonal sensitivity dimension (Katz and Maas, 1994). Thus we see that depression presents as a quite heterogeneous entity made up of a variety of emotional, behavioural and cognitive elements.…”

Section: Depression In Humans: What Are We Trying To Model?mentioning

confidence: 95%

Animal models of depression: are there any?

O'Neil

Moore

2003

Human Psychopharmacology

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Simple tests for antidepressant-like activity, such as 5-HTP-induced syndrome or reserpine-induced hypomotility, are often mechanism-based tests, pharmacologically specific for certain known classes of therapeutically successful antidepressant agents. Many of these behavioural assays have been superseded by neurochemical techniques such as in vivo microdialysis. In contrast to these mechanistic-based models, investigators have also endeavoured to reproduce in the laboratory, factors that are believed to precipitate depression in people. It is a strong assumption in this approach that depression is a response to stress. This strategy profiles the consequences of chronic stress particularly psychosocial stress or early life events, in order to reproduce in animals the behavioural signs and pathologies associated with depression. The advances in the social psychological, clinical pathological and new areas such as neuroimaging research offer the possibility of establishing more sophisticated models for depression in animals with a broader range of biomarkers from the immunological and endocrinological to neurochemical and behavioural. Combining these novel insights with more traditional tests of depression may not only increase our understanding of the neurobiology of depression but also afford more precise and predictive preclinical models of depression. The responsiveness of different strains or genetically modified animals to stress is likely to be a key area of study. Furthermore we must look to individual differences in subjects, even within the same strain, to more fully understand why some individuals show pathological responses to stress whereas others appear unaffected. Conversely in validating our models using currently available treatments we must include the concept of non-responders so as not to disregard models that may extend therapeutic possibilities in these patients.

show abstract

Section: Depression In Humans: What Are We Trying To Model?mentioning

confidence: 95%

Animal models of depression: are there any?

O'Neil

Moore

2003

Human Psychopharmacology

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Uncertainty about the time of onset and the nature of the initial clinical actions of ADs have served as major barriers to progress in basic and clinical studies of antidepressant activity. In a previous paper (Katz and Maas, 1994), a principal source of the problem was identified to be the failure to track changes in specific behaviors over time in the detailed manner in which investigators have monitored and described drug-induced changes in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems (Frazer and Conway, 1984;Blier and de Montigny, 1994). A central unresolved issue is whether clinical effects of ADs in depressed patients lag 2 to 3 weeks behind initial drug actions on central neurotransmitter systems, or if they are concurrent with early neurochemical effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of antidepressant activity: Reexamining the structure of depression and multiple actions of drugs

1996

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The question of when antidepressant drugs (AD) initiate significant clinical actions in depressed patients is still unsettled. Findings from early studies on whether there is a lag in the onset of therapeutic actions were in disagreement. More recent results with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other new Ads indicate that clinical actions occur within the first 2 weeks. In this paper, evidence from efficacy studies with the Ads is reviewed and the methodologic and conceptual obstacles to achieving definitive results about the onset issue are analyzed. Depression, formerly viewed as a homogenous disorder, is now seen as heterogenous and multifaceted in structure. Such major structural components as anxiety and disturbed psychomotor functioning can be as significant to the core of the disorder as depressed mood itself. Further, the Ads have been shown to act initially on different facets of the clinical disorder which then result in multiple clinical actions, e.g., an initial reduction in anxiety followed by stimulation of motor activity. Data from the NIMH Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression are used to illustrate: (1) the componential structure of severe depressive disorder; (2) the sequence of change in the major behavioral components of the disorder associated with the tricyclic drugs; (3) the consequent ‘multiple’ onsets of clinical actions; and (4) measurement of the clinical significance and visibility of the early behavioral changes. Recent results describing new behavioral and methodological approaches, the use of early clinical changes to predict outcome, and strategies for designing sound studies of onset are discussed. Depression and Anxiety 4:257–267, 1996/1997.© 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

show abstract

“…Investigators are therefore, starting to question the general approach that the system o ers to research in contrast to the 'dimensional' approach to behaviour, which relies on the quantiÿcation of the major elements of psychopathology common to all disorders. Our colleagues and we are one of many groups who have raised these serious concerns about the place of the DSM system in contemporary clinical research [21] particularly regarding its applicability to research in the now highly advanced ÿeld of neuropsychopharmacology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contributions of Sam Greenhouse to research on psychiatric diagnosis and psychopharmacology

Katz¹,

Berman²

2003

Statistics in Medicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sam Greenhouse began his involvement in mental disorders research in 1954 when appointed chief of the Theoretical Statistics and Mathematics section at the National Institute of Mental Health. He remained with the NIMH until 1966. Despite moving on to several other positions at the NIH and at the university during the ensuing years, he continued as a consultant to NIMH investigators. He also participated actively as an advisor and co-investigator on a number of important collaborative research programmes launched by the Institute in the 1970s and 1980s. His contributions to the design and methodology of the first clinical trials of drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia, to research aimed at revising the national and international classification systems for the mental disorders, and his participation in the planning of the first attempt to use the collaborative research model to test hypotheses about the genesis of a specific mental disorder (depression), are described. Finally, the signal importance of the 'profile analysis of variance' method that he and Seymour Geisser developed, to research on personality and mental disorders, is examined in detail. The authors describe applications of the method in their own research on the classification of the mental disorders, predicting response to drug treatment and the variations in the expression of mental illness across different cultures. Sam worked in mental health during an era of revolutionary changes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. The field was acutely aware of his many contributions to the progress of research and his colleagues are very grateful to have had the opportunity to work with him.

show abstract

Psychopharmacology and the Etiology of Psychopathologic States: Are We Looking in the Right Way?

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Animal models of depression: are there any?

Animal models of depression: are there any?

Onset of antidepressant activity: Reexamining the structure of depression and multiple actions of drugs

The contributions of Sam Greenhouse to research on psychiatric diagnosis and psychopharmacology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About